Semiconductor device manufacturing: process – Coating of substrate containing semiconductor region or of...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-06-06
2003-05-20
Coleman, William David (Department: 2823)
Semiconductor device manufacturing: process
Coating of substrate containing semiconductor region or of...
C430S311000, C430S312000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06566276
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the present invention involves fabrication of electronic materials in processes which involve the formation of a hard mask. An embodiment involves the conversion of a precursor into a top-surface imaging layer during a direct patterning step.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The semiconductor and packaging industries, among others, utilize conventional processes to form thin metal and metal oxide films in their products. Examples of such processes include evaporation, sputter deposition or sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) and thermal oxidation. Evaporation is a process whereby a material to be deposited is heated near the substrate on which deposition is desired. Normally conducted under vacuum conditions, the material to be deposited volatilizes and subsequently condenses on the substrate, resulting in a blanket, or unpatterned, film of the desired material on the substrate. This method has several disadvantages, including the requirement to heat the desired film material to high temperatures and the need for high vacuum conditions. Unless a screen or shadow is employed during evaporation, an unpatterned, blanket film results from this process.
Sputtering is a technique similar to evaporation, in which the process of transferring the material for deposition into the vapor phase is assisted by bombarding that material with incident atoms of sufficient kinetic energy such that particles of the material are dislodged into the vapor phase and subsequently condense onto the substrate. Sputtering suffers from the same disadvantages as evaporation and, additionally, requires equipment and consumables capable of generating incident particles of sufficient kinetic energy to dislodge particles of the deposition material.
CVD is similar to evaporation and sputtering but further requires that the particles being deposited onto the substrate undergo a chemical reaction during the deposition process in order to form a film on the substrate. While the requirement for a chemical reaction distinguishes CVD from evaporation and sputtering, the CVD method still demands the use of sophisticated equipment and extreme conditions of temperature and pressure during film deposition.
Thermal oxidation also employs extreme conditions of temperature and an oxygen atmosphere. In this technique, a blanket layer of an oxidized film on a substrate is produced by oxidizing an unoxidized layer which had previously been deposited on the substrate.
Several existing film deposition methods may be undertaken under conditions of ambient temperature and pressure, including sol-gel and other spin-on methods. In these methods, a solution containing precursor particles that may be subsequently converted to the desired film composition is applied to the substrate. The application of this solution may be accomplished through spin-coating or spin-casting, where the substrate is rotated around an axis while the solution is dropped onto the middle of the substrate. After such application, the coated substrate is subjected to high temperatures which convert the precursor film into a film of the desired material. Thus, these methods do not allow for direct imaging to form patterns of the amorphous film. Instead, they result in blanket, unpatterned films of the desired material. These methods have less stringent equipment requirements than the vapor-phase methods, but still require the application of extreme temperatures to effect conversion of the deposited film to the desired material.
In one method of patterning blanket films, the blanket film is coated (conventionally by spin coating or other solution-based coating method; or by application of a photosensitive dry film) with a photosensitive coating. This photosensitive layer is selectively exposed to light of a specific wavelength through a mask. The exposure changes the solubility of the exposed areas of the photosensitive layer in such a manner that either the exposed or unexposed areas may be selectively removed by use of a developing solution. The remaining material is then used as a pattern transfer medium, or mask, to an etching medium that patterns the film of the desired material. Following this etch step, the remaining (formerly photosensitive) material is removed, and any by-products generated during the etching process are cleaned away if necessary.
In another method of forming patterned films on a substrate, a photosensitive material may be patterned as described above. Following patterning, a conformal blanket of the desired material may be deposited on top of the patterned (formerly photosensitive) material, and then the substrate with the patterned material and the blanket film of the desired material may be exposed to a treatment that attacks the formerly photosensitive material. This treatment removes the remaining formerly photosensitive material and with it portions of the blanket film of desired material on top. In this fashion a patterned film of the desired material results; no etching step is necessary in this “liftoff” process. However, the use of an intermediate pattern transfer medium (photosensitive material) is still required, and this is a disadvantage of this method. It is also known that the “liftoff” method has severe limitations with regard to the resolution (minimum size) that may be determined by the pattern of the desired material. This disadvantage severely limits the usefulness of this method.
It is thus evident that the deposition of blanket films that need subsequently be patterned invokes the need for several extra costly and difficult processing steps.
In yet another method of forming patterned films, a blanket film of desired material may be deposited, e.g., by one of the methods described above, onto a substrate that has previously been patterned, e.g., by an etching process such as the one described previously. The blanket film is deposited in such a way that its thickness fills in and completely covers the existing pattern in the substrate. A portion of the blanket film is then isotropically removed until the remaining desired material and the top of the previously patterned substrate sit at the same height. Thus, the desired material exists in a pattern embedded in the previously patterned substrate. The isotropic removal of the desired material may be accomplished via an etching process; commonly in the case of the formation of semiconductor devices it is envisioned that this removal is effected through a process known as chemical mechanical planarization (“CMP”). This involves the use of a slurry of particles in conjunction with a chemical agent to remove substantial quantities of the desired material through a combination of chemical and mechanical action, leaving behind the desired material in the desired places embedded in the patterned substrate. This method of forming a patterned film demands the use of expensive and complicated planarization equipment and extra consumable materials including planarization pads, slurries and chemical agents. In addition, the use of small slurry particles demands that these particles be subsequently removed from the planarized surface, invoking extra processing steps.
While some of these methods are more equipment-intensive than others and differ in the use of either solution- or vapor-phase methods, such conventional processes for forming metal and metal oxide films is not optimal because, for example, they each require costly equipment, are time consuming, require the use of high temperatures to achieve the desired result, and result in blanket, unpatterned films where, if patterning is needed, further patterning steps are required. Many of these methods suffer the additional disadvantage of, in many cases, forming polycrystalline films which may not be suitable for a variety of applications. A desirable alternative to these methods would be the use of a precursor material that may be applied to a substrate and selectively imaged and patterned to form an amorphous film without the need for intermediate steps.
One use of thin films in semic
Fury Michael A.
Hill Ross H.
Lee Wai M.
Maloney David J.
Roman, Jr. Paul J.
Coleman William David
EKC Technology, Inc.
Pennie & Edmonds LLP
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