Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
Reexamination Certificate
1997-10-17
2002-03-26
Goldberg, Jerome D. (Department: 1614)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
C514S232500, C514S234200, C514S084000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06362184
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention relates to cytotoxic agents and radiotherapy effective against hypoxic cells. More specifically, the invention relates to certain novel 1,2,4-benzotriazine oxides, to methods of selectively killing tumor cells and/or sensitizing tumor cells to radiation using selected 1,2,4-benzotriazine oxides, and to novel synthetic methods.
BACKGROUND ART
Hypoxic cell radiosensitizers are compounds that selectively increase the sensitivity of hypoxic cells to destructive radiation. Cytotoxins which have enhanced activity under hypoxic conditions also provide a means for selective destruction of cells under low oxygen pressure. This specificity for hypoxic cells is important because it is tumors that are typically characterized by such cells. Virtually all tumors which are present as solid masses contain these cells, while normal cells generally have an adequate supply of oxygen. Accordingly, anti-tumor agents can be made selective for tumors by virtue of high activity under hypoxic conditions, and radiation can be employed more effectively in the presence of these sensitizers.
Of course, the use of radiation treatment to destroy tumor cells is only practical if damage to the surrounding normal tissue can be minimized or avoided. The effects of radiation are enhanced by the presence of oxygen, and it is established that as the dose of radiation is increased, the effectiveness of the radiation in destroying target cells is enhanced most dramatically when oxygen is present. Therefore, selectively for tumor cells toward radiation is difficult to achieve—normal cells, in view of their oxygen supply, are generally more susceptible to radiation than the target tumor cells. It is therefore desirable to provide a means of sensitivity tumor cells, but not the surrounding tissue, to radiation treatment. One solution would be to increase the supply of oxygen to these tumor cells. This, however, has provided difficult to do.
Various heterocyclic compounds and in particular those with oxidized nitrogen moieties, have been used to radiosensitive hypoxic tumor cells. Indeed, it has been postulated that the oxidized nitrogen functionality is responsible for this activity. Nitroimidazoles, particularly misonidazole (MIS) and metronidazole have been studied extensively, and MIS is commonly used as a standard in in vitro and in vivo tests for radiosensitizing activity. (See, e.g., Asquith, et al,
Radiation Res
(1974) 60:108-118; Hall, et al,
Brit J Cancer
(1978) 37: 567-569; Brown, et al,
Radiation Res
(1980) 82:171-190; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,540. The radiosensitizing activities of certain 1-substituted 3(5)-nitro-s-triazoles and of various quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide derivatives have also been disclosed.
In addition, U.S. Ser. Nos. 730,761, filed May 3, 1985, and 788,762, filed Oct. 18, 1985 assigned to the same assignee and incorporated by reference disclose a group of radiosensitizers that do not contain oxidized nitrogen—the substituted benzamides and nicotinamides and their thio analogs. These compounds, nevertheless, are radiosensitizers. It is important to distinguish the ability to sensitize hypoxic cells selectively, for instance, by enhancing their oxygen supply, from another mechanism commonly encountered for “sensitizing” cells: inhibition of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, which is believed to be essential in the repair of irradiated cells after radiation. This repair mechanism is operative in both hypoxic tumor cells and in normal cells. Hence, administration of “radiosensitizers” which operate according to this latter mechanism does not accomplish the desired purpose of selectively sensitizing the target tumor cells.
A group of compounds which has not previously been suggested for use in either selectively killing hypoxic cells or in radiosensitizing such cells is 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-di-N-oxide and related compounds. Related U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,980,779; 3,868,371; and 4,001,410 disclose the preparation of a group of these compounds and their use as anti-microbial agents, particularly by addition of these materials to livestock fodder. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,991,189 and 3,957,799 disclose derivatives of these compounds bearing substituents on the nitrogen of the 3-amino group. These compounds also have anti-microbial activity.
The present invention provides additional compounds with specifically radiosensitive hypoxic cells and which, furthermore, are directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, administration of these compounds prior to or following radiation treatment of tumors selectively kills the hypoxic (tumor) cells which survive the radiation dose. Both the ability of these compounds to radiosensitize hypoxic cells and especially their ability to selectively kill hypoxic cells directly are unexpected properties of these compounds.
The invention also provides novel 1,2,4-benzotriazine oxides useful as radiosensitizers and/or selective cytotoxic agents; methods of synthesizing the compounds; and methods of administering the compounds to achieve radiosensitization and/or selective cell killing.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides a valuable addition to the group of compounds currently available as selective radiosensitizers and selective cytotoxic agents for hypoxic tumor cells. Some of the compounds now newly shown to be useful in this regard are known compounds. Others are themselves novel.
Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is a method of radiosensitizing hypoxic tumor cells by administering to these cells a compound of the formula:
wherein
X is H; hydrocarbyl (1-4C); hydrocarbyl (1-4C) substituted with OH, NH
2
, NHR or NRR; halogen; OH; alkoxy (1-4C); NH
2
; NHR or NRR; wherein the various R groups are independently selected from lower alkyl (1-4C) and lower acyl (1-4C) and the R's may themselves be substituted with OH, NH
2
, alkyl (1-4C) secondary and dialkyl (1-4C) tertiary amino groups, alkoxy (1-4C) or halogen. In the case of NRR, the two R's can be linked together directly or through a bridge oxygen into a morpholino ring, pyrrolidino ring or piperidino ring;
n is 0 or 1; and
Y
1
and Y
2
are independently either H; nitro; halogen; hydrocarbyl (1-14C) including cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, epoxy, alkoxy (1-4C), alkylthio (1-4-C), primary amino (NH
2
), alkyl (1-4C) secondary amino, dialkyl (1-4C) tertiary amino, dialkyl (1-4C) tertiary amino where the two alkyls are linked together to produce a morpholino, pyrrolidino or piperidino, acyloxy (1-4C), acylamido (1-4C) and thio analogs thereof, acetylaminoalkyl (1-4C), carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl (1-4C), carbamyl, alkylcarbamyl (1-4C), alkylsulfonyl (1-4C) or alkylphosphonyl (1-4C), wherein the hydrocarbyl can optionally be interrupted by a single ether (—O—) linkage; or wherein Y
1
and Y
2
are independently either morpholino, pyrrolidono, piperidino, NH
2
, NHR′, NR′R′ O(CO)R′, NH(CO)R′, O(SO)R′, or O(POR′)R′ in which R′ is a hydrocarbyl (1-4C) which may be substituted with OH, NH
2
, alkyl (1-4C) secondary amino, dialkyl (1-4C) tertiary amino, morpholino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, alkoxy (1-4C), or halogen substituents, or pharmacologically acceptable salts of said compound.
In another aspect, the invention provides an improved method of fractionated radiotherapy which involves treating the cells requiring radiotherapy with a 1,2,4-benzotriazine oxide of Formula (I), as just defined, before or after subjecting the treated cells to a plurality of distinct radiation doses over an extended period of time, each of the radiation doses being less than about 5 Gy.
The compounds useful in conjunction with the presently disclosed radiosensitizing methods, therefore, are the mono- or dioxides of optionally substituted 1,2,4-benzotriazine which may contain a hydrocarbyl (1-4C), hydroxy, alkoxy or amino group, either substituted or unsubstituted, in the 3-position, and their pharm
Brown J. Martin
Grange Edward W.
Lee William W.
Martinez Abelardo P.
Pollart Daniel J.
Alexander Michael D.
Dupont Paul E.
Goldberg Jerome D.
SRI - International
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