Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Products per se – or processes of preparing or treating... – Plant material is basic ingredient other than extract,...
Reexamination Certificate
2002-08-20
2004-02-03
Sayala, Chhaya (Department: 1761)
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Products per se, or processes of preparing or treating...
Plant material is basic ingredient other than extract,...
C426S807000, C426S805000, C426S002000, C800S320100
Reexamination Certificate
active
06685980
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the novel use of a new, low phosphorus, low-pigmented (xanthophyll), highly digestible white protein gluten meal to be used as an ingredient in feeding operations, especially aquaculture. It is derived from the wet milling of an identity preserved, white corn hybrid with distinct characteristics. The development of this novel product involves several selection criteria across a variety of disciplines involving plant breeding, industrial processing, feeding operations, and environmental issues.
The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention or provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference, and for convenience are respectively grouped in the appended Bibliography.
The goal of plant breeding is to develop new, unique, and superior corn inbred lines and hybrids. Typically, the development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: 1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for initial breeding crosses; 2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and, 3) crossing the selected inbred lines with unrelated inbred lines to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). The breeder can theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinations via crossing, selfing, and mutations.
One of the most important tasks corn breeders have is to evaluate newly developed experimental materials. The difficulty in this task is to separate genetic and environmental effects. The usual procedure is to evaluate the material in performance trials conducted over two or three years at a minimum of six locations. More locations are preferred, but the resources available determine the number. Testing sites should be located in areas where the newly developed material is likely to be marketed.
Most plant breeders use a screening type of trial for eliminating genotypes that are obviously poor. Usually, large numbers of many genotypes are observed at a few locations. Sometimes, inoculations with prevalent leaf diseases and stalk rot pathogens are included. Those hybrids that survive rigorous testing are usually grown in larger strip tests for evaluation by farmers. If reaction is favorable, the selected hybrids are put into pilot seed production, and also entered in state variety trials before being placed into large-scale production.
Corn kernels can be altered by genetic means to give modifications in starch, protein, oil, pericarp thickness, kernel hardness, embryo size, kernel size, and color. This generates another set of testing parameters for products that are designed to be used by corn processors for specific value-added products or co-products.
Starch from normal dent or flint corn is composed of 73% amylopectin (the starch fraction with branched molecules) and 27% amylose (the fraction with linear molecules). Waxy corn (having the wx gene) was first found in China, but waxy mutations have also been found in American dent strains. Starch from this mutation is 100% amylopectin.
The endosperm mutant amylose-extender (ae) was found by R. P. Bear in 1950 (Vineyard et al., 1958). It increased the amylose fraction of the starch to 50% and above. The kernel of this corn is characterized by a tarnished, translucent, and partially full appearance. The ae gene, plus modifiers, gives a range in amylose content of 50-80%, but the amylose content can be stabilized at various intermediate levels.
Several endosperm mutants that alter the balance of amino acids have been identified. The most important of these is opaque-2. Mertz et al. (1964) reported that opaque-2 reduced zein in the endosperm and increased lysine. Other mutant genes with similar effects are floury-2 and opaque-7.
Kernels with the opaque-2 gene are characterized by a soft, chalky, nontransparent appearance, with very little hard vitreous or horney endosperm. This type of kernel is more prone to damage by kernel rots, insects, rodents, and harvesting machinery.
Another source of increased lysine and protein in single cross hybrids was discovered by Strissel et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,993). The increased nutritional levels were inherited in a dominant manner verses the recessive nature of the opaque-2 gene, and it was not a mutation. The inbred that was patented was derived from an exotic germplasm source, and not only increased protein levels, but the protein was also more digestible.
The mature corn kernel has four easily separable parts: tip cap, pericarp, endosperm, and germ. The major component of corn is starch, of which 98% is in the endosperm (Earle et al., 1946). On the whole kernel basis, starch content is 72-73%. The endosperm also contains 74% of the kernel protein, of which the majority is insoluble storage proteins.
The germ is the major depository of lipids, which amount to 83% of the total kernel lipids. The greater parts of the germ lipids are triacylglycerides, which, on extraction, give the well-known corn oil of commerce. The germ, being potentially metabolically active tissue, contains 70% of the kernel sugar and 26% of the kernel protein. Most of the germ proteins are albumins or globulins and probably are components of the enzymatic apparatus of the cells.
The corn germ is also rich in mineral elements that are essential for early growth of the embryo. The embryo contains 78% of the kernel minerals of which inorganic phosphorus is the most abundant. It is largely present as the potassium-magnesium salt of phytic acid-the hexaphosphate ester of inositol. Phytin is an important storage form of phosphorus (Hamilton et al., 1951; O'Dell et al., 1972), which is liberated by phytase enzymes to initiate embryo development. More than 80% of the phosphorus in corn is in the form of phytate. The corn germ contains nearly 90% of the phytate present in whole corn.
One of the problems associated with the use of grain and oilseed products in feed for monogastric animals, e.g. pigs, chickens, and fish, is the presence of phytate. Phytate phosphorus is nutritionally unavailable, and is excreted in the feces. It is then suspected of contributing to nutrient enrichment of several ecosystems when manure from confined animal rearing operations leaches into the ground and from there into lakes, streams, and bays.
In catfish rearing, excretion of phytate, which is degraded by microorganisms, thus releasing the bound phosphorus, contributes to algae growth in ponds. In trout farming, reducing the phosphorus levels of feeds over the past few years has greatly lowered the amount of soluble phosphorus excreted via urine, but little change has occurred in the amount of insoluble phosphorus excreted in the feces.
In trout feeds containing 1.6% total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus makes up 0.22% of total phosphorus. Feed manufacturers are reducing the amount of fish meal and replacing it with soy, wheat, and corn-based protein concentrates. These concentrates are lower in total phosphorus, but also lower in available phosphorus because of phytate. In a trout feed in which 2/3 of the fish meal is replaced with plant protein sources, phytate phosphorus could make up half or more of the total phosphorus in the feed, increasing fecal phosphorus loss.
Phytate has other possible effects on feed constituents mainly associated with its ability to interact directly and indirectly with certain minerals especially calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron to reduce their availability to animals (Underwood, 1962; Momcilovic and Shahl, 1976). For example, calcium-bound phytate increases chelation with trace minerals, especially zinc, to form co-precipitates that make the zinc unavailable to the animal or fish.
Richardson et al. (1985) showed that zinc availability was greatly reduced to juvenile chinook salmon when sodium phytate was added to their feed, and that the fish developed cataracts as a result. In channel catfish, just 1.1% supplemental phytate in the
Stiefel Michael John
Strissel Jerry F.
Sayala Chhaya
Syngenta Seeds, Inc.
Vrana Bruce
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