Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving antigen-antibody binding – specific binding protein...
Patent
1998-02-02
2000-07-18
Housel, James C.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving antigen-antibody binding, specific binding protein...
514 3, G01N 3353
Patent
active
060905697
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This Application is a National Stage Application of PCT/AU96/00252, filed May 2, 1996, which claims priority to Australian Application, PN 2711, filed May 2, 1995.
This invention relates to animal husbandry, and in particular to a method of producing animals that have higher than average carcass quality, higher than average feed conversion efficiency, higher than average growth rate, lower than average voluntary feed intake and/or higher than average reproductive capacity.
The quality of meat products is an important factor in consumer choice. The desirability to the consumer of a particular type of meat depends upon such parameters as price, tenderness and appearance.
Nutritional factors, including the perceived health benefits of the meat, are an increasingly important influence in this area, and among these a high carcass quality (ratio of lean meat to fat) is important. A high ratio of lean meat to fat is also advantageous in the processing of meat, since extensive trimming of fat and disposal of fat is avoided. In addition, a high ratio of lean meat to fat is advantageous for the efficiency of growth and cost of production, in that typically greater than four times the amount of feed is required to deposit 1 kg of fat compared to that necessary to deposit 1 kg of lean tissue.
Feed conversion efficiency, growth rate, voluntary feed intake and reproductive capacity are important economical considerations for those involved in animal husbandry.
It is known to improve growth rate and carcass quality by selective breeding. The process of selective breeding relies on the fact that within any population of individuals, variation will exist for any particular character. Part of this variation will be caused by the individuals possessing different genes. Selective breeding aims to continually improve the average performance of a population by increasing the frequency of the favourable genes in the next generation by selecting as parents individuals which possess these genes. In the most part the individual genes themselves cannot be identified, so selection is based on the relative performance of the animals for the characteristics which are of interest such as growth rate, carcass quality, feed conversion efficiency, voluntary feed intake and reproductive capacity.
Inclusion of a performance trait into a genetic selection program depends on the following factors: which can be attributed to the animals' genes. This is known as the heritability of the trait. The higher the heritability the greater the selection response. other traits. This el-ect is quantified as the genetic correlation between any two traits. Genetic correlations occur because genes can affect more than one trait either favourably or adversely.
In the prior art genetic selection has been shown to be effective in improving numerous traits including growth rate and carcass quality. Typically animals are selected for improved growth rate and/or carcass as young adults. In the case of pigs, such selection occurs at around six months of age and is based on physical measurements of, for example, P2 fat thickness or backfat.
However, selection suffers from several problems, including disadvantages associated with having to use entire male animals in selection programmes. For example, in the majority of pig producing countries male pigs are castrated between two and four weeks of age to prevent boar taint. Boar taint refers to the presence of off-odours and off-flavours found in the meat of some entire male pigs. At the usual slaughter age of 6 months, the value of an entire male pig is up to 50% less than a castrate in countries where castration is practiced. Therefore, as only less than 5% of entire males are selected for breeding in a typical example, there is a substantial cost in not castrating the other 95% to enable the appropriate measurements to be taken at around 6 months.
Apart from the disadvantages associated with raring to use entire male animals in generic selection programmes the selection of animals for improved growth performance and
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Campbell Roger Gregory
Luxford Brian Gerard
Owens Phillip Clyde
Walton Paul Edward
Bunge Meat Industries Ltd.
Gropep PTY Ltd.
Housel James C.
Pig Research and Development Corporation
Portner Ginny Allen
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