Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Peptide containing doai
Reexamination Certificate
1998-05-15
2004-03-09
Tate, Christopher R. (Department: 1653)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Peptide containing doai
C514S002600, C514S021800, C530S300000, C530S350000, C530S324000, C530S387200, C424S184100, C424S185100, C424S400000, C435S069100, C435S069200, C436S086000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06703362
ABSTRACT:
1. INTRODUCTION
The present invention relates generally to random peptides capable of specific binding to gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) transport receptors. In particular, this invention relates to peptide sequences and motifs, as well as derivatives thereof, which enhance drug delivery and transport through tissue, such as epithelial cells lining the lumenal side of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Production of peptides, derivatives and antibodies is also provided. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions, formulations and related methods.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
2.1. Peptide Libraries
There have been two different approaches to the construction of random peptide libraries. According to one approach, peptides have been chemically synthesized in vitro in several formats. Examples of chemically synthesized libraries can be found in Fodor, S., et al., 1991, Science 251: 767-773; Houghten, R., et al., 1991, Nature 354: 84-86; and Lam, K., et al., 1991, Nature 354: 82-84.
A second approach to the construction of random peptide libraries has been to use the M13 phage, and, in particular, protein pIII of M13. The viral capsid protein of M13, protein III (pIII), is responsible for infection of bacteria. Several investigators have determined from mutational analysis that the 406 amino acid long pIII capsid protein has two domains. The C-terminus anchors the protein to the viral coat, while portions of the N-terminus of pIII are essential for interaction with the
E. coli
pillin protein (Crissman, J. W. and Smith, G. P., 1984, Virology 132: 445-455). Although the N-terminus of the pIII protein has shown to be necessary for viral infection, the extreme N-terminus of the mature protein does tolerate alterations. In 1985, George Smith published experiments reporting the use of the pIII protein of bacteriophage M13 as an experimental system for expressing a heterologous protein on the viral coat surface (Smith, G. P., 1985, Science 228: 1315-1317). It was later recognized, independently by two groups, that the M13 phage pIII gene display system could be a useful one for mapping antibody epitopes (De la Cruz, V., et al., 1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263: 4318-4322; Parmley, S. F. and Smith, G. P., 1988, Gene 73: 305-318).
Parmley, S. F. and Smith, G. P., 1989, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 251: 215-218 suggested that short, synthetic DNA segments cloned into the pIII gene might represent a library of epitopes. These authors reasoned that since linear epitopes were often ~6 amino acids in length, it should be possible to use a random recombinant DNA library to express all possible hexapeptides to isolate epitopes that bind to antibodies. Scott, J. K. and Smith, G. P., 1990, Science 249: 386-390 describe construction and expression of an “epitope library” of hexapeptides on the surface of M13. Cwirla, S. E., et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6378-6382 also described a somewhat similar library of hexapeptides expressed as gene pIII fusions of M13 fd phage. PCT 30 Application WO 91/19818 published Dec. 26, 1991 by Dower and Cwirla describes a similar library of pentameric to octameric random amino acid sequences. Devlin et al., 1990, Science, 249: 404-406, describes a peptide library of about 15 residues generated using an (NNS) coding scheme for oligonucleotide synthesis in which S is G or C. Christian and colleagues have described a phage display library, expressing decapeptides (Christian, R. B., et al., 1992, J. Mol. Biol. 227: 711-718).
Other investigators have used other viral capsid proteins for expression of non-viral DNA on the surface of phage particles. For example, the major capsid protein pVIII was so used by Cesareni, G., 1992, FEBS Lett. 307: 66-70. Other bacteriophage than M13 have been used to construct peptide libraries. Four and six amino acid sequences corresponding to different segments of the
Plasmodium falciparum
major surface antigen have been cloned and expressed in the filamentous bacteriophage fd (Greenwood, J., et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 220: 821-827).
Kay et al., 1993, Gene 128: 59-65 (Kay) discloses a method of constructing peptide libraries that encode peptides of totally random sequence that are longer than those of any prior conventional libraries. The libraries disclosed in Kay encode totally synthetic random peptides of greater than about 20 amino acids in length. Such libraries can be advantageously screened to identify peptides, polypeptides and/or other proteins having binding specificity for a variety of ligands. (See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,538 dated Mar. 12, 1996; and PCT Publication No. WO 94/18318 dated Aug. 18, 1994.)
A comprehensive review of various types of peptide libraries can be found in Gallop et al., 1994, J. Med. Chem. 37:1233-1251.
Screening of peptide libraries has often been done using an antibody as ligand (Parmley and Smith, 1989, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 251:215-218; Scott and Smith, 1990, Science 249:386-390). In many cases, the aim of the screening is to identify peptides from the library that mimic the epitopes to which the antibodies are directed. Thus, given an available antibody, peptide libraries are excellent sources for identifying epitopes or epitope-like molecules of 35 that antibody (Yayon et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10643-10647).
McCafferty et al., 1990, Nature 348:552-554 used PCR to amplify immunoglobulin variable (V) region genes and cloned those genes into phage expression vectors. The authors suggested that phage libraries of V, diversity (D), and joining (J) regions could be screened with antigen. The phage that bound to antigen could then be mutated in the antigen-binding loops of the antibody genes and rescreened. The process could be repeated several times, ultimately giving rise to phage which bind the antigen strongly.
Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 also used PCR to amplify immunoglobulin variable (V) region genes and cloned those genes into phage expression vectors.
Kang et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4363-4366 created a phagemid vector that could be used to express the V and constant (C) regions of the heavy and light chains of an antibody specific for an antigen. The heavy and light chain V-C regions were engineered to combine in the periplasm to produce an antibody-like molecule with a functional antigen binding site. Infection of cells harboring this phagemid with helper phage resulted in the incorporation of the antibody-like molecule on the surface of phage that carried the phagemid DNA. This allowed for identification and enrichment of these phage by screening with the antigen. It was suggested that the enriched phage could be subject to mutation and further rounds of screening, leading to the isolation of antibody-like molecules that were capable of even stronger binding to the antigen.
Hoogenboom et al., 1991, Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4133-4137 suggested that naive antibody genes might be cloned into phage display libraries. This would be followed by random mutation of the cloned antibody genes to generate high affinity variants.
Bass et al., 1990, Proteins: Struct. Func. Genet. 8:309-314 fused human growth hormone (hGH) to the carboxy terminus of the gene III protein of phage fd. This fusion protein was built into a phagemid vector. When cells carrying the phagemid were infected with a helper phage, about 10% of the phage particles produced displayed the fusion protein on their surfaces. These phage particles were enriched by screening with hGH receptor-coated beads. It was suggested that this system could be used to develop mutants of hGH with altered receptor binding characteristics.
Lowman et al., 1991, Biochemistry 30:10832-10838 used an improved version of the system of Bass et al. described above to select for mutant hGH proteins with exceptionally high affinity for the hGH receptor. The authors randomly mutagenized the hGH-pIII fusion proteins at sites near the vicinity of 12 amino acids of hGH that had previously been identified as being important in receptor binding.
Balass et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10638-1064
Alvarez Vernon L.
Belinka, Jr. Benjamin A.
Cagney Gerard M.
Carter John M.
Lambkin Imelda J.
Cytogen Corporation
Pennie & Edmonds LLP
Tate Christopher R.
Teller Roy
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