Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Products per se – or processes of preparing or treating... – Beverage or beverage concentrate
Patent
1998-06-29
2000-04-11
Pratt, Helen
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Products per se, or processes of preparing or treating...
Beverage or beverage concentrate
426 66, 426 67, 426 72, 426 74, 426590, 426599, 424439, A23L 252
Patent
active
060485663
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
Mitochondrial electron transport in the respiratory chain is composed of various components, one of which is coenzyme Q (ubiquinone). Ubiquinone has an interesting function because it forms a transition between a 2-electron transport, originating from the electron donor NADH or succinate, into a 1-electron transport of the cytochrome chain. This function of ubiquinone has been known for a long time. The ubiquinone point in mitochondrial electron transport is a switching point. Electrons reach ubiquinone from various donors and reduce it to hydroquinone which in turn releases electrons again to the cytochrome chain. There is moreover alternation of 1- and 2-electron transitions so that a hydroquinone-semiquinone-quinone cycle is superimposed. Through this electron transition, not only reducing equivalents but also protons pass through the mitochondrial membrane, which results in a proton gradient which is in turn utilized for ATP synthesis.
Thus, ubiquinone is very considerably involved in the conversion of the energy present in the diet into the body's own energy (ATP). CoQ10 is therefore often referred to as energy activator.
It has been possible to show in various sports medical investigations using CoQ10 in competitive sportspersons that there is a correlation between increased performance and elevated CoQ10 plasma level.
The causes of an inadequate supply of CoQ10 are:
It is known that there is a great reduction in the Q10 concentration in the tissues of various organs, especially in the heart, with increasing age.
The decrease in the CoQ10 level is greater than the age-related fall in other lipids in the human body.
With great physical exercise such as, for example, sports, heavy work or with stress, the body requires correspondingly larger amounts of CoQ10. The reason for this is the increased energy turnover which makes greater demands on the electron transport system, which means that increased amounts of ubiquinone CoQ10 are required. In exercise situations, as in sports, the CoQ10 level in the plasma is reduced.
Although CoQ10 is present in various foodstuffs such as fish, meat, soybeans, corn and nuts, its temperature sensitivity means that it is often almost completely destroyed during boiling or roasting.
A serious decline in ubiquinone can be measured in various pathological states. However, this decline relates not only to the ubiquinone found in the mitochondria but also in particular to the ubiquinone which is present in the cytoplasm or bound to other organelles. On the other hand, however, there is evidence that sports training (physical exercise) not only increases the level of the usual antioxidants but also stimulates ubiquino [sic] synthesis. This fact itself indicates that ubiquinone has a function additional to that of an electron transport metabolite in intermediary metabolism: that of an antioxidative function in the sense of protecting from reactive oxygen species.
As has been mentioned, ubiquinone is found not only in the mitochondrial respiratory chain but also in all cellular membranes and in blood serum as well as in serum lipoproteins (especially in the LDL.) (Ernster and Dallner, 1995). It is thus not surprising that Kontush et al found that ubiquinone Q 10 acts as an efficient factor protecting against the oxidation of LDL by copper ions (Kontush et al. 1995). Several authors have reported that it is in particular the reduced coenzyme Q which performs this protective function. It is thus not surprising that coenzyme Q is reduced by membrane-bound NADPH or NADH reductases (DT diaphorases) (Takahashi et al. 1995; Beyer et al. 1996). In the reduced form, coenzyme Q protects in particular mitochondrial membranes from oxidative processes induced by adriamycin (a chemotherapeutic agent) (Beyer et al. 1996). In this protective function, coenzyme Q appears to act cooperatively with other antioxidants, especially with vitamin E and selenoperoxidase (gluthatione peroxidase) (Chen and Tappel 1994). Thus, coenzyme Q and .alpha.-tocopherol appear to act cooperatively in the complete p
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Behnam Dariush
Elstner Erich F.
Wannenmacher Michael
Aquanova Getranketechnologie GmbH
Pratt Helen
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