Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Normally noningestible chewable material or process of... – Packaged – structurally defined – or coated
Reexamination Certificate
2000-07-21
2003-09-30
Corbin, Arthur L. (Department: 1761)
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Normally noningestible chewable material or process of...
Packaged, structurally defined, or coated
C424S048000, C424S440000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06627234
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods for producing chewing gum. More particularly, the invention relates to producing chewing gum containing an effective amount of an active medicament. Preferably, the active medicament is added to the chewing gum coating to control its rate of release from chewing gum and control the release of medicament for maximum effectiveness.
In recent years, efforts have been devoted to controlling release characteristics of various ingredients in chewing gum. Most notably, attempts have been made to delay the release of sweeteners and flavors in various chewing gum formulations to thereby lengthen the satisfactory chewing time of the gum. Delaying the release of sweeteners and flavors can also avoid an undesirable overpowering burst of sweetness or flavor during the initial chewing period. On the other hand, some ingredients have been treated so as to increase their rate of release in chewing gum.
Besides sweeteners, other ingredients may require a controlled release from chewing gum. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the active medicament that is added to the gum coating is generally released very readily. An active medicament may be added to the gum coating which is a water soluble matrix such that, during the chewing period, the medicament may be released quickly, resulting in a fast release. This would allow a chewing gum coating to be a carrier for an active medicament with these fast release characteristics.
It is of course known to provide active medicaments to individuals for various purposes. These medicaments can be used to treat diseases and as such are typically referred to as drugs or medicaments. Likewise, the drugs or medicaments can be used for preventive purposes. Still, it is known to provide medicaments to an individual for a variety of non-medical purposes including enhancing performance or maintaining health.
There are a great variety of such medicaments. These medicaments run the gamut from stimulants such as caffeine to drugs such as analgesics, tranquilizers, cardiovascular products, as well as vitamins, minerals, and supplements. Some such medicaments are taken on an “as-needed” basis while other medicaments must be taken at regular intervals by the individual.
Typically, drugs or medicaments are administered parenterally or enterally. Of course, parenteral administration is the administration of the drug intravenously directly into the blood stream. Enteral refers to the administration of the drug into the gastrointestinal tract. In either case, the goal of the drug administration is to move the drug from the site of administration towards the systemic circulation.
Oral administration of drugs is by far the most common method of moving drugs towards systemic circulation. When administered orally, drug absorption usually occurs due to the transport of cells across the membranes of the epithelial cells within the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption after oral administration is confounded by numerous factors. These factors include differences down the alimentary cannel in: the luminal pH; surface area per luminal volume; perfusion of tissue, bile, and mucus flow; and the epithelial membranes. See
Merck Manual
at page 2599.
A further issue affecting the absorption or orally administered drugs is the form of the drug. Most orally administered drugs are in the form of tablets or capsules. This is primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. Accordingly, these capsules or tablets must be disintegrated or dissolved before absorption can occur. There are a variety of factors capable of varying or retarding disintegration of solid dosage forms. Further, there are a variety of factors that affect the dissolution rate and therefore determine the availability of the drug for absorption. See
Merck Manual
at page 2600.
When a drug rapidly dissolves from a drug product and readily passes across membranes, absorption from most site administration tends to be complete. This is not always the case for drugs given orally. Before reaching the vena cava, the drug must move down the alimentary canal and pass through the gut wall and liver, which are common sites of drug metabolism. Thus, the drug may be metabolized before it can be measured in the general circulation. This cause of a decrease in drug input is called the first pass effect. A large number of drugs show low bioavailabilities owning to an extensive first pass metabolism. The two other most frequent causes of low bioavailability are insufficient time in the GI tract and the presence of competing reactions. See
Merck Manual
at page 2602.
Bioavailability considerations are most often encountered for orally administered drugs. Differences in bioavailability can have profound clinical significance.
Although parenteral administration does provide a method for eliminating a number of the variables that are present with oral administration, parenteral administration is not a preferable route. Typically parenteral administration requires the use of medical personnel and is just not warranted nor practical for the administration of most agents and drugs, e.g., analgesics. Even when required, parenteral administration is objectionable due to patient concerns including comfort, infection, etc., as well as the equipment and costs involved.
There is therefore a need for an improved method of delivering drugs and other active agents to an individual.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides improved methods for delivering a medicament or active agent to an individual. To this end, coated chewing gum products are provided including a medicament or active agent. The medicament or active agent is present within the coating of a chewing gum composition. It has been found that by adding the active agent to a gum coating, the medicament or active agent is quickly released from the chewing gum into saliva. Possibly, saliva coats the oral tissues under the tongue (sublingual) and the sides of the mouth where the drug may partition from the saliva into the oral mucosa. Continuing to chew the chewing gum may create a pressure within the buccal cavity and may force the medicament or active agent or medicament directly into the systemic system of the individual through the oral mucosa contained in the buccal cavity. This may greatly enhance the transmucosal absorption of the drug into the systemic system as well as the bioavailability of the drug within the system.
Improved chewing gum products including medicaments and active agents in a gum coating are also provided by the present invention.
To this end, the present invention provides a method of drug delivery comprising the steps of: providing a chewing gum with a coating that includes a medicament in the chewing gum coating; chewing the chewing gum to cause the medicament to be released from the chewing gum coating into the buccal cavity of the chewer.
The active medicament may be any agent that is traditionally used as a medicament and lends itself to being administered through the oral cavity. Such active agents may be vitamins, cancer chemotherapeutics; antimycotics; oral contraceptives, nicotine or nicotine replacement agents, minerals, analgesics, antacids, muscle relaxants, antihistamines, decongestants, antibacterial agents, anesthetics, antitussives, diuretics, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, AIDS medication, neurological drugs, antivirals, psychotherapeutic agents, anti-diabetic agents and cardiovascular agents, nutraceuticals and nutritional supplements.
Accordingly, an advantage of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide new methods for delivering medicaments or active agents to an individual.
Still further, an advantage of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of delivering medicaments to an individual that provides for increase absorption and bioavailability as compared to medicaments that are designed to be absorbed in the GI tract.
Further, an advantage of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a met
Corriveau Christine L.
Greenberg Michael J.
Gudas Victor V.
Johnson Sonya S.
Ream Ronald L.
Brinks Hofer Gilson & Lione
Corbin Arthur L.
Shurtz Steven P.
Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company
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