Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Products per se – or processes of preparing or treating... – Beverage or beverage concentrate
Reexamination Certificate
2000-01-11
2003-12-30
Weier, Anthony J. (Department: 1761)
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Products per se, or processes of preparing or treating...
Beverage or beverage concentrate
C426S442000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06669979
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of The Invention
The present invention relates to nutritional supplements and the manufacture or extraction thereof.
2. Background Information
Recent research indicates that polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, common beverages and plants possess the capacity for diversified, beneficial pharmacological activities. It is widely accepted that these compounds, recently dubbed “vitamin ”, possess a wide range of beneficial pharmacological activities which include stabilizing capillary wall tissues, maintaining proper permeability and flexibility of capillaries, and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have also shown that most plant polyphenols possess cancer preventive capacity because of their profound antioxidant activity.
It is, of course, well-known that coffee contains caffeine. However, a lesser-known fact is that coffee contains potentially highly beneficial condensed tannin and polyphenolic acids. Coffee beans contain about 4% caffeine and other nitrogen-containing compounds, two different types of polyphenols, known as condensed tannin and polyphenolic acids. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, caffeoyl-3-quinic acid and isochlorogenic acid are the main polyphenolic acids present in coffee beans [
1
].
Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid have been shown to possess cancer preventive effect (
2
,
3
). Caffeine has also been found to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects (
4
,
5
). Coffeedrinking people are less prone to commit suicide (
6
). Recent epidemiological study shows that drinking coffee has a trend to reduce cancer incidence (
7
). Feeding tannins isolated from coffee to mice in drinking water has been shown to prevent hepatic neoplasm in C3H male mice (
8
).
It is important to further note that osteoarthritis affects 12% of the American population, with a disproportionate effect on those of advanced years. Glucosamine and glucosamine sulfate are effective in treating and preventing osteoarthrosis (
9
). Likewise, chitin and chitosan prevent toxicity of S-FU [
10
], selectively decrease glucose intake and ATP level in tumor cells [
11
], inhibit tumor cell proliferation in mice [
12
], and reduce dietary fat absorption to help losing body weight [
13
].
As is apparent from the above discussion, elevated human consumption of tannin and polyphenolic acids certainly have the potential for providing substantial health benefits to consumers. However, these beneficial compounds in coffee beans remain largely “locked” in discarded coffee grounds under present practices, and are largely unavailable and non-beneficial to coffee drinkers when coffee is brewed by conventional brewing techniques. Therefore, it would be highly beneficial to somehow release substantial portions of coffee's tannin and polyphenolic acids for consumption during coffee drinking, and even more beneficial to do so in a manner which would not be deleterious to the taste of the coffee and, therefore, constitute a deterrent to an otherwise beneficial activity.
References
I. Duke, James A. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press, 1992.
2. Tanaka T, Kojima T, Kawamofi T, Wang A, Suzui M, Okamoto K, Mofi H, Inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring plant phenolics caffeic, ellagic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 1321-1325.
3. Huang M T, Smart R C, Wong C Q, Conney A H, Inhibitory effect of curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and femlic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-t3-acetate. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 5941-5946.
4. Takahashi M, Yanoma S, Yamamoto Y, Rino Y, Amano T, Imada T, Combined effect of CDDP and caffeine against human gastric cell line in vivo. Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 4399-4401.
5. Maskalefis T, Lialiafis T, Tfiantaphyllidis C, Induction of cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes in vitro and of antineoplastic effects in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo treated by methotrexate, hyperthermia and/or caffeine. Mutat Res 1998; 422: 229-236.
6. Szekely T, Caffeine as a stimulant against suicide. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 243-244.
7. Hartman T J, Tangrea J A, Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Taylor P R, Albanes D, Tea and coffee consumption and risk of colon and rectal cancer in middle-aged Finnish men. Nutr Cancer 1998; 31: 41-48.
8. Nepka C, Sivridis E, Antonoglou 0, Kortsaris A, Georgellis A, Taitzoglou I, Hytiroglou P, Papadimitriou C, Zintzaras I, Kouretas D. Chemopreventive activity of very low dose dietary tannic acid administration in hepatoma beating C3H male mice. Cancer Lett 1999; 141: 57-62.
9. Barclay T S, Tsourounis C. McCart G M. Glucosamine Ann Pharmacother. 1998; 32: 574-579.
10. Kimura Y, Okuda H, Prevention by chitosan of myelotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity and immunocompetent organic toxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil without loss of antitumor activity in mice.
Jpn J Cancer Res
1999; 90: 765-774.
11. Guminska M, Ignacak J, Wojcik E. In vitro inhibitory effect of chitosan and its degradation products on energy metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EAT).
PolJPharmacol
1996; 48: 495-501.
12. Torzsas T L, Kendall C W, Sugano M, Iwamoto Y, Rao A V. The influence of high and low molecular weight chitosan on colonic cell proliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in CF1 mice.
Food Chem Toxicol
1996; 34: 73-77.
13. Pittler M H, Abbot N C, Harkness E F, Ernst E, Randomized, double-blind trial of chitosan for body weight reduction.
Eur J Clin Nutr
1999; 53:379-381.
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Duke, James A.; CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs; 130-132; CRC Press, Inc.; Boca Raton, FL; USA.
Torzsas et al.; The Influence of High and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan on Colonic Cell Proliferation and Aberrant Crypt Foci Development in CF1 Mice; Food and Chemical Toxicology; 1996; 73-77; v. 34, iss.1; Elsevier Science.
Pittler et al., Randomized, Double-blind Trial of Chitosan for Body Weight Reduction; European Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 1999; 379-381; v. 53; Stockton Press; UK.
Kimura, Y. and Okuda, H.; Prevention by Chitosan of Myelotoxicity, Gastrointestinal Toxicity and Immunocompetent Organic Toxicity Induced by 5-Fluorouracil without Loss of Antitumor Activity in Mice; Jpn. J. Cancer Res., Jul. 1999; 765-774; v. 90; Japan.
Barclay et al.; Glucosamine; The Annals of Pharmacotherapy; May 1998; Abstract vol. 32; Harvey Whitney Books Co.; Cincinnati; USA.
Nepka et al., Chemopreventive Activity of Very Low Dose Dietary Tannic Acid Administration in Hepatoma Bearing C3H Male Mice; Cancer Letters; 1999; 57-62; v. 141; Elsevier Science.
Hartman et al., Tea and Coffee Consumption and Risk of Colon and Rectal Cancer in Middle-Aged Finnish Men; Nutrition and Cancer; 1998; 41-48; v. 31; issue 1; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Maskaleris et al.; Ind
Agarwal Rajesh
Slaga Brian
Slaga Thomas J.
Zhao Jifu
Henry David G.
Weier Anthony J.
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