Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Products per se – or processes of preparing or treating... – Animal derived material is an ingredient other than extract...
Patent
1999-06-16
2000-10-17
Sayala, Chhaya D.
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Products per se, or processes of preparing or treating...
Animal derived material is an ingredient other than extract...
426 7, 426654, 426805, A23L 1325
Patent
active
061327964
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This application is a 371 application of International Application No. PCT/NO97/00279 filed Oct. 22, 1997.
The present invention relates to a method for production of feed for salmonides, like Atlantic salmon or rainbow trout, comprising processing fish products and standard feed components. The invention also comprises fish feed containing fish products and standard feed components.
Within the aquaculture industry there is a continuous search for improved feeds which will increase growth rate, feed utilisation, digestibility of protein and fat, etc. Within the field of animal feed there are known several types of additives to feeds which increase the growth rate for i.a. pigs and piglets. Among such additives are various types of formates, described in the unpublished patent application PCT/NO96/00114. However, addition of formates to fish feed has been found to have no effect.
The main object of the invention was to arrive at improved fish feed, comprising fish products, which would increase the growth rate, the digestibility of protein and fat and feed utilisation of the fish.
Another object was to obtain an improved feed for salmonides like Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout.
A further object was to arrive at a fish feed utilising the positive effects of feed additives used in animal feed.
Based on the positive results obtained by animal feed comprising formates, as described in the above stated application, the inventors started by composing a fish feed comprising fish products and standard fish feed components, and then incorporated minor amounts of various types of formates and/or formic acid. Such a feed was then fed to Atlantic salmon fingerlings in fresh water. The fish products could be fish meal or oil, fish remains commonly used in fish feed and minced fish.
The applied formates, comprising diformates, comprise sodium-, ammonium, and potassium formate. Mixtures of said formates, with and without added formic acid, are also applicable. Potassium diformate, possibly mixed with formic acid, was found to be especially useful.
The diets used were the following: One diet containing 1 weight% 85% formic acid (Positive Control, PC), three diets containing 1.3 weight% different formates and one diet with no formic acid addition (Negative Control, NC).
The results of these tests were rather disappointing as the growth rate of the salmon fingerlings fed with diets containing formates or formic acid was lower than for those getting the negative control diet. However, some positive results were recorded. Thus, the digestibility of protein and fat was recorded to be higher when the diets contained formates or formic acid.
The lower growth and feed intake due to inclusion of formic acid or formates, and the higher nutrient digestibility, indicates that the lower feed utilisation efficiency for these diets was due to lower feed intake rather than reduced nutrient digestibility or other factors effecting nutrient utilisation efficiency. The main reason for reduced feed consumption may have been the taste of the acidified feed.
In view of the negative effects, especially with regard to growth rate, the inventors started looking for new ways of including the additives which after all seemed to have some positive effects. Different methods of producing the feed comprising addition of the additives at different stages of the production of the feed were then investigated. The most promising route seemed to be incorporation of the additives in the fish products prior to their further processing together with the other components of the final feed. The formates could be included in the fish raw material, for instance during storage or during processing to feed intermediates like fish meal or oil.
A new set of diets comprising corresponding negative- and positive control diets and diets comprising diformate were made by incorporation of the diformate and formic acid in the fish products which subsequently were further processed to fish feed in a conventional process. These diets were then fed to Atlantic salmon in sea
REFERENCES:
patent: 4288458 (1981-09-01), Barnes
patent: 4338336 (1982-07-01), Glabe et al.
Wood et al., Aquaculture, vol. 44(1), pp. 27-40, 1985.
Cisse et al., "Use of chemical or biological fish silage as feed for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Bagridae)", Aquatic Living Resources 8 (4), 1995, 373-377.
Ali et al., "Evaluation of fish silage prepared from underutilized marine fishes as protein sources in the diet of major carp (Cirrhinus mrigala)", Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 9 (3), 1994, 247-254.
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 117, abstract No. 117:211478, 1992.
Hj.o slashed.rnevik Leif
Johnsen Freddy
Ringdal Ole
Norsk Hydro ASA
Sayala Chhaya D.
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