Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or... – The polynucleotide confers resistance to heat or cold
Patent
1996-06-25
2000-03-28
McElwain, Elizabeth F.
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or...
The polynucleotide confers resistance to heat or cold
800298, 536 232, 435419, 435468, A01H 500, C12N 504, C12N 1582
Patent
active
060434112
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to genes encoding proteins having an activity of desaturating lipid-bound fatty acids at the .DELTA.9 position (hereinafter referred to as ".DELTA.9 desaturases"), vectors containing said genes, plants transformed with said genes and process for creating said plants.
BACKGROUND ART
The condition of membrane lipids which compose the biomembranes of organisms changes from liquid crystal to solid in accordance with the decrease in external temperatures. This change is called "phase separation". The phase separation involve change in properties of biomembranes. It is believed that membrane lipids lose the selectivity of mass permeability in solid conditions, making it impossible for biomembranes to carry out their essential functions and that, as a result, cells receive an injury (low temperature injury).
The phase transition temperatures of membrane lipids, at which the condition of the membrane lipids changes from liquid crystal to solid, are chiefly dependent on the degree of unsaturation (the number of double bonds in carbon chains) of fatty acid acyl groups bound to lipids. A lipid molecular species in which two bound fatty acid acyl groups are both saturated fatty acid residues has a higher phase transition temperature than room temperature, whereas a lipid molecular species having at least one double bond in bound fatty acid acyl groups has a phase transition temperature below about 0.degree. C. (Santaren, J. F. et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 687:231, 1982).
In general, the position of a double bond in a fatty acid is indicated after the symbol ".DELTA." by the number of carbons from the carboxyl terminus to the carbon having the double bond. The total number of double bonds is indicated after a colon following the total number of carbons. For example, linoleic acid is designated as 18:2 .DELTA.9,12, which is represented by the following structural formula: ".omega." by the number of carbons from the methyl terminus of a fatty acid to the carbon having the double bond.
Among the membrane lipids of higher plants, only phosphatidylglycerol (PG) contains a relatively large number of saturated molecular species and it has been strongly suggested that the phase transition of PG is responsible for low temperature injury in plants (Murata, N. et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 23:1071, 1982; Roughan, P. G., Plant Physiol., 77:740, 1985) and that the molecular species composition of PG is determined by the substrate specificity of glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase (hereinafter referred to as "ATase") present in chloroplasts (Frentzen, M. et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 129:629, 1983; Murata, N., Plant Cell Physiol., 24:81, 1983; Frentzen, M. et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 28:1195, 1988).
Nishizawa et al. showed that if an ATase gene obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana Heynhold, a plant resistant to chilling, was introduced and expressed in tobacco, the content of saturated molecular species of PG decreased, thereby imparting a higher chilling resistance to the tobacco than when it was of a wild type (PCT/JP92/00024, 1992). However, the ATase exists originally in plants and even if a large amount of an exogenous ATase is expressed in plants, it will compete inevitably with the endogenous ATase and its effect is therefore likely to be diluted. For example, the content of saturated molecular species of PG was about 28% in the leaf of a clone which expressed the largest amount of ATase from Arabidopsis thaliana Heynhold out of the created tobacco transformants, which content was lower by about 8% than in the wild-type tobacco and higher by about 8% than in the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Heynhold (PCT/JP92/00024, 1992).
In general, the majority of acyl-ACP produced in plastids consists of 16:0-ACP and 18:1-ACP, and their proportions are believed to be equal. In some tissues, the proportions of 16:0-ACP and 18:0-ACP may be higher than that of 18:1-ACP (Toriyama, S. et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 29:615, 1988). In these tissues, it may be difficult to reduce satisfactorily the
REFERENCES:
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Nishizawa Osamu
Toguri Toshihiro
Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha
McElwain Elizabeth F.
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