Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Products per se – or processes of preparing or treating... – Gels or gelable composition
Reexamination Certificate
2000-06-22
2001-10-16
Sayala, Chhaya D. (Department: 1761)
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Products per se, or processes of preparing or treating...
Gels or gelable composition
C426S576000, C426S641000, C426S654000, C426S805000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06303175
ABSTRACT:
The invention concerns an industrially producable feed for aquatic animals in fresh and sea water, especially fish, shrimps and invertebrates, also usable as replacement of frozen natural feed (frost feed) for warm and cold water ornamental fish in the form of a viscous gel.
The feeding of frozen natural feed (e.g. saline crabs=Artemia; krill; water-fleas=Daphnia; stream flea crabs=Gammarus; sludge tubular worms=Tubifex; red midge larvae=Chironomus; white midge larvae=Chaoborus; black midge larvae =Culex; zooplankton=Cyclops; fish roe; calf heart; menus=combination products) to warm and cold water ornamental fish is known. Specialised aquariarists often exclusively feed living feed, FD (=freeze dried) natural feed and/or frost feed. However, the preponderant majority of aquariarists administer any feed (flakes, extrudates, tablets, pellets), in part in combination with the above-mentioned types of feed.
The analysis of frost feed provides data for the chemical composition: the average water content or content of dry substance amounts to 90-95% and 5-10% respectively. Thus, frost feed is characterised by a very high content of water.
Feed animals in frozen state are sold in the form of blocks, sheets or cubes. For the storage of frost feed, not only in the case of the trader but also in the case of the aquariarist, a freezer storage is necessary. For this form of feed conservation, a deep freezer or a freezer compartment in the refrigerator is necessary in which temperatures clearly below 0° C. can be produced. The deep-frozen feed is either first thawed by the aquariarist and then fed or, however, is introduced in the frozen state into the aquarium water. Due to the usually relatively high water temperature of about 20-30° C., the natural feed thaws rapidly and can be eaten by the ornamental fish. However, after the thawing the feed is to be given quickly since it decomposes rapidly. Feed once thawed must not be frozen again. In the refrigerator, deep frozen feed can be kept 3-4 days, in the case of temperatures clearly below 0° C. it is storable for a maximum of one year.
Therefore, it is the task of the invention to make available an industrially producable feed for aquatic animals, especially fish, shrimps and invertebrates, usable in fresh and sea water, which is usable in the aquarium especially for warm and cold water ornamental fish as potential replacement for frost feed without thereby displaying the described disadvantages of deep frozen feed.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that, by the use of gel formers, preferably a combination of several gel formers, and above-mentioned natural feeds alone or in combination, as well as possibly additional natural raw materials (e.g. Spirulina algae), vitamins, mineral materials, aroma materials, preservation agents and other additives, a feed can be produced industrially which is usable as replacement for frost food and, at normal room temperature, is storable without problems and thus possesses clearly improved handling properties as frost food.
Therefore, the subject of the invention is a feed for aquatic animals, especially fish, shrimps and invertebrates, in fresh and sea water, usable as replacement of frost feed for the nutrition of warm and cold water ornamental fish in the aquarium in form of a viscous gel.
An ornamental fish feed is preferred which contains 0.001-50% of gel former, 0.1-90% of natural feed and, depending upon the purpose of use, further additives, in the case of a water content of 20-99%. A feed is especially preferred which contains 0.1-10% of gel former, 1-20% of natural feed and, depending on the purpose of use, further additives, in the case of a water content of 50-99%.
The viscosity of gel-like feed of the invention is in a range of 1 to 2×10
6
mpa•s, preferably in the range of 1×10
2
to 1×10
6
mpa•s and especially preferred in the range of 1,5×10
2
to 5×10
5
mpa•s.
Suitable gel formers can be synthetic, semisynthetic or of natural origin.
Synthetic gel formers are, for example, cellulose ethers, such as alkyl- and/or hydroxyalkyl-substituted cellulose ethers with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, preferably methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl-cellulose, hydroxyethylethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose or the like. HPMC is especially preferred.
Natural gel formers or semi-synthetic gel formers or ones obtained in biotechnological ways are hydrocolloids of vegetable, animal or bacterial origin, such as e.g. polysaccharides, vegetable gums or collagens. These are obtained from natural algae, natural vegetable seed gums, natural vegetable juices, natural fruit extracts, biosynthetic gums, biosynthetically modified starches or cellulose materials or exocellular polysaccharides. There are suitable, for example, pectins, alginates, carrageenan, agar agar, guar gum, gum arabic, tragacanth, Karaya gum, ghatti gum, locust bean flour, arabian, gellan, konjacmannan, galactomannan, funoran, sago, tara gum, xanthans, acetan, welan, rhamsan, furcelleran, succinoglycan, scleroglycan, schizophyllan, tamarind gum, curdlan, pullulan, dextran or gelatine. Especially preferred is agar agar.
The mentioned gel formers can be used alone or preferably in synergistic combinations improving the acceptance and the properties of the feed.
For the improvement of the properties and, above all, of the acceptance, the feed mixtures according to the invention can additionally contain softeners or moisture retainers, such as e.g. glycerol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycine, sorbitol, mannitol, canesugar, maize syrup, fructose, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, 1,2-propylene glycol, mono-, di- or triacetates of glycerol, acetamide, formamide or lactamide, namely, alone or in synergistic combinations.
For the improvement of the consistency and of the holding together of the feed mixture, additional chelate formers can be contained therein, such as e.g. ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, acetic acid, boric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, as well as salts of the said acids or metaphosphates, dihydroxyethylglycine, lecithin or beta-cyclodextrin or mixtures thereof.
The preferred gel-like feed of the invention is a complete substitute of frost feed. It contains preferably natural feed as complete animals or parts. Preferred kinds of natural feed are saline crabs (Artemia); krill; water-fleas (Daphnia); stream flea crabs (Gammarus); sludge tubular worms (Tubifex); red midge larvae (Chironomus); white midge larvae (Chaoborus); black midge larvae (Culex); zooplankton (Cyclops); Bosmina; Mysis; shrimps; maggots; mealworms; fish roe; crab eggs; mussel meat; fish meat; cuttlefish or calf heart which are used alone or in combinations as whole animals and/or parts therof.
The recipe of the novel feed is composed of various components. Favourable for the consistency of the feed, as well as the holding together of the particles are gel formers, e.g. agar agar, a gelling agent produced from marine algae belonging to the hydrocolloid group. Agar agar is a dried hydrophilic colloid substance of gigantic molecules which have a linear, filament-formed construction and consist above all of galactose. For the production, some types of the red algae are used, namely, Gelidium and Gracellaria. The hydrocolloid is not soluble in cold water but is practically completely soluble at higher temperatures. The melting point lies at about 90° C., the gel point at about 35-40° C., with formation of a strong, clear, thermoreversible gel which first melts again at temperatures above 85° C.
The gel-like feed according to the invention is expediently produced by means of an extruder from one or more natural types of feed and/or commercially available feed mixtures, raw materials and one or more gelformers, as well as possibly usual vitamins, mineral, colouring, aroma, lure and preservation mate
Kuhlmann Dietmar
Kürzinger Hubert
Federman Evan J.
Little Darryl C.
Sayala Chhaya D.
Warner-Lambert & Company
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