Pipes and tubular conduits – With flow regulators and/or baffles – Flow facilitating
Reexamination Certificate
1999-09-08
2001-03-27
Hook, James (Department: 3752)
Pipes and tubular conduits
With flow regulators and/or baffles
Flow facilitating
C138S038000, C138S045000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06206047
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a flow duct for the passage of a two-phase flow which has a liquid and a gaseous phase, comprising an inner wall completely enclosing the two-phase flow radially to the direction of flow.
2. Discussion of Background
Two-phase flows are mass flows which are composed of two different flows of substances, for example a mixture of a liquid and a gas. Such two-phase flows are important, for example, in the compression of air which is fed in compressed form to an energy-generating plant. Thus ideas are known which utilize the principle of isothermal compression for the supply of gas-turbine plants with precompressed air, as disclosed, for example, by US publication U.S. Pat No. 4,797,563.
In the case described above, an air/water mixture is accelerated along an incline and then directed into a pressure chamber. Further developments in this respect provide for the accelerated two-phase flow to be directed for the purposes of compression into a nozzle arrangement, for example into a Laval nozzle, within which kinetic energy is specifically extracted from the two-phase mixture, while at the same time the air contained in the mixture is compressed. It has been possible to show that the selection of the droplet size of the water drops contained in the water/air mixture has a decisive effect on the efficiency of the nozzle with regard to its compression characteristics.
However, more extensive investigations with regard to the flow-duct wall enclosing the two-phase flow have not been carried out so far. In particular, more accurate knowledge of the boundary-layer behavior between the two-phase flow and the flow-duct wall could in this case make a decisive contribution to improvements with regard to the avoidance of flow losses on account of friction as well as the occurrence of phase separations, as a result of which the efficiency of a flow duct, in particular of a two-phase Laval nozzle, could be considerably improved.
A few interesting aspects of the flow behavior of a two-phase flow through a flow duct may be gathered from the following contributions:
I. M. R. Wang and D. Y. Huang, Droplet dispersion and ejection process in two-phase boundary layer, AIAA Journal 32 (11), 2217 (1994).
II. Y. Tsuji and Y. Morikawa, LDV measurements of an air-solid two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe, J. Fluid Mech. 120, 385 (1982).
III. Y. Tsuji, Y. Morikawa and H. Shiomi, LDV measurements of an air-solid two-phase flow in a vertical pipe, J. Fluid Mech. 139, 417 (1984).
It can be gathered from the contribution from Wang and Huang that the momentum exchange between a flow and a wall surrounding the flow may be increased provided the flow contains droplets. In this case, it is noteworthy that the droplet density within the boundary layer directed toward the wall surface decreases linearly to the value 0, irrespective of the size of the respective droplets present in the flow. Thus it is also noteworthy that an aerosol having a water/air mixture ratio of about 0.005 causes approximately twice the wall shearing force than is the case with a boundary layer which consists of pure air. Thus the aforesaid contributions from Tsuji and Morikawa also confirm an existing proportionality between the increase in the wall shearing force of a mass flow along a wall and the water/air mass ratio. It is in principle the case that the boundary layer forming along a wall becomes richer in water droplets with an increasing water/air mass ratio within the mass flow flowing through the flow duct.
The momentum transfer to the wall over which a mass flow flows essentially determines the tendency of a two-phase flow to separate into two different phases, at least in the region of the boundary layer.
In particular when a two-phase flow flows through a Laval nozzle, which produces a large pressure gradient within the flow in the direction of flow, a phase separation is undesirable, so that the momentum transfer to the wall has to be designed to be sufficiently small. On the other hand, a very high momentum transfer and, associated therewith, a high wall shearing force contributes to energy losses within the mass flow flowing through the nozzle arrangement, this mass flow considerably reducing the efficiency of the Laval nozzle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, one object of the invention is to decisively reduce flow losses of a two-phase flow through a flow duct without at the same time sustaining the aforesaid separation effects, which lead to a phase separation in the vicinity of the wall. In particular, the efficiency of a Laval nozzle through which a two-phase mixture passes is to be increased by reducing wall flow losses. The use of such two-phase Laval nozzles serves in particular for the isothermal compression of air, which is preferably fed to a downstream energy-generating unit, for example a gas turbine. The measures according to the invention are therefore also intended to ultimately increase the efficiency of the entire gas-turbine plant.
The achievement of the object of the invention is specified in claim
1
. Measures advantageously developing the idea behind the invention are the subject-matter of the subclaims.
The idea underlying the invention borrows the principle with which hydrofoil boats or air-cushion boats, so-called hovercraft, are propelled. The reason for the high speeds which can be achieved by such propulsion means is due to the fact that the area of the hull which is wetted with the denser phase, that is to say water, of the two-phase flow passing through between the hull and the water surface is only small.
According to the invention, a flow duct for the passage of a two-phase flow which has a liquid and a gaseous phase, comprising an inner wall completely enclosing the two-phase flow radially to the direction of flow, is designed in such a way that raised contours are provided on the inner wall of the flow duct, and these raised contours are attached to the inner wall essentially perpendicularly to the direction of flow and are at a distance from one another in the direction of flow.
In their simplest embodiment, the contours raised on the inner wall of the flow duct may be designed as rib features, which in each case enclose an intermediate space, open to the interior of the flow duct, between two directly adjacent rib features. By the provision of such contours on the inner wall of a flow duct or preferably on the inner wall of a Laval nozzle, not the entire surface of the flow-duct inner wall is wetted with the denser phase of the two-phase flow, that is preferably the water, especially as air vortices form in the intermediate spaces of in each case two directly adjacent rib features, and liquid droplets which have entered the intermediate spaces are properly flushed out of the intermediate spaces again by these air vortices. In this way, at least the flow-duct inner wall provided between two rib features is not wetted with the liquid, or only a very small proportion of said flow-duct inner wall is wetted with the liquid.
It should be noted that the provision of the rib features according to the invention inside a flow duct does not constitute a suitable solution to the reduction of flow losses for a single-phase flow, especially as the momentum transfer across the boundary layer from the main flow into the intermediate space between two adjacent rib features is much greater compared with a two-phase flow. On the contrary, pronounced vortices would form in the intermediate spaces in the case of a single-phase flow, and these vortices even contribute to an increased flow loss through the flow duct.
The situation is different in the case of a two-phase flow in which both phases differ greatly in their specific density. In the case of a two-phase flow, the shearing stress occurring due to the air portion inside the intermediate spaces may be largely disregarded, compared with a surface shearing force which would be caused by water on a smoothly formed inner wall of a flow duct. For this reason, it is especially advan
Keller Georg
Keller Jakob
Asea Brown Boveri AG
Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L.L.P
Hook James
Keller Georg
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