Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Products per se – or processes of preparing or treating... – Plant material is basic ingredient other than extract,...
Reexamination Certificate
1999-07-12
2001-05-15
Sayala, Chhaya D. (Department: 1761)
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Products per se, or processes of preparing or treating...
Plant material is basic ingredient other than extract,...
C426S002000, C426S630000, C426S635000, C426S807000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06231916
ABSTRACT:
The present invention is based on identifying the first limiting amino acid in milk production and the use of this knowledge in designing feeds and in the feeding of cows. More specifically, the object of the invention is the use of histidine in a compound feed for dairy cows for increasing the protein-fat ratio in the milk and to improve nitrogen utilization.
In most countries today milk protein is the most important ingredient in milk, whereas the importance of the fat content has diminished as a result of changes in consumer habits. The consumption of cheese has increased, the consumption of milk fats, has, however, decreased. The change in preferences is also reflected in the pricing of milk. Earlier the production price paid for milk was positively affected by a high fat content. Nowadays a high price is paid for the milk protein fraction.
Ten essential amino acids (arginine, phenyl alanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophane and valine) are needed for the production of milk protein. All natural proteins, as well as the rumen-produced proteins contain all these amino acids. Milk protein can be produced only in such an amount for which the most limiting amino acid suffices. In such a situation production is not increased even if the availability of the other amino acids were to be increased. Instead the animal has to excrete the excessive amino acids.
The purpose of feeding is to provide the cow with nutrients in optimal ratios so that they are directed as effectively as possible to form milk protein rather than milk fat. In this manner, also nitrogen utilization in feeding is improved, thus also providing for a less polluted environment. Nitrogen burdens nature in two ways, as ammonia in the air and as nitrate in the soil or the ground water. In milk production, nitrogen losses can be reduced by means of a proper diet so as to reduce the excretion of nitrogen in the manure and urine by directing the nitrogen containing nutrients more effectively to form milk proteins.
The protein requirement of a ruminant is comprised of the amino acid requirement of the animal itself as well as the requirement of the rumen microbes for nitrogen containing compounds. It is known today that the microbes need amino acids and peptides in addition to simple nitrogen compounds. Central reactions of the rumen are the partial degradation of feed proteins and the simultaneous synthesis of microbial protein, as well as absorption of ammonia through the rumen wall into the blood circulation. Part of the protein is transported undegraded to the small intestine wherein it is absorbed in the form of amino acids into the blood circulation. The nutritional value of this undegraded feed protein is dependant on its amino acid composition and digestability in the small intestine. In the rumen, the microbes form microbial protein from the nitrogen containing feed compounds. Also the amino acids from the microbial protein are absorbed from the small intestine. In a high-producing dairy cow, the amino acids from the microbial protein are not sufficient to satisfy the need of the animal but, in addition, high-quality protein compound feed is needed from which the small intestine is provided with the desired amino acids. The amino acids absorbed from the small intestine are transported with the blood circulation also for the needs of the mammary gland, wherein i.a. milk protein is produced.
The biological gross efficiency of a dairy cow in protein production can be expressed as the nitrogen (or protein) contained in the milk as a fraction of the nitrogen consumed by the animal. The nutrients consumed by the animal are never utilized to one hundred percent in the end products, because the vital functions are based on biological processes wherein always some losses occur. However, by balancing the diet in the correct manner, the nitrogen losses can be decreased. For example, the balance and ratios of amino acids in the feed and after digestion in the blood circulation affect milk yield, milk composition and nitrogen utilization. So far, sufficient knowledge about amino acid feeding has not been available which could be adapted to the conditions of our country.
The excretion of nitrogen from animals can be reduced by optimizing the amino acid composition in the diet, and thus by improving the retention of nitrogen in the animal product while maintaining the nitrogen level of the diet. The goal is a more effective metabolism and lesser nitrogen losses in the urine. Alternatively, by optimizing the amino acid composition of the diet, the use of nitrogen in the diet can be reduced without reducing the yield. This leads to lesser nitrogen losses in the gastrointestinal tract, whereby the nitrogen losses in both the urine and manure are reduced.
In many countries the diet of cows consists to a large degree of the use of grass silage. Grass silage is supplemented with compound or concentrate feed. From the point of view of nitrogen utilization some problems are associated with a silage diet. In addition to an excessive nitrogen content, also the quality of the silage protein increases the dietary problems. By shifting the harvesting of silage to take place one week earlier, the nitrogen content of grass silage can be increased, but it still does not remove the need for high quality supplementary protein. Positive results have been obtained with an addition of protein compound feed despite the fact that the protein content of the silage feed has been high. Thus, silage still needs protein with a high-quality amino acid composition in the form of a feed supplement.
During recent years, the optimal amino acid composition of feed supplements has been the object of some study in various countries. In many studies the starting point has been the replication of the milk amino acid profile. In some studies, wherein the diet is based on the use of corn silage, positive results have been obtained with lysine and methionine supplements. In some countries it is thus seriously believed that lysine and methionine are the first milk production limiting amino acids in dairy cows. However, in a diet based on grass silage, lysine and methionine supplements have not given an additional benefit.
When evaluating the optimal protein composition of the diet of cows the starting point should, however, not only be the amino acid profile of milk, because the amount of amino acids passing from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to be excreted with the milk from the mammary gland is not necessarily always the same. Some of the essential amino acids (phenyl alanine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophane) are, it is true, passed from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to the same degree as they are secreted from the mammary gland. Other essential amino acids (arginine, branched amino acids, threonine, lysine and histidine) pass from the blood circulation into the mammary gland to a much higher degree than are removed with the milk. Some of these essential amino acids are degraded in the mammary gland and their amino groups are used for the production of non-essential amino acids.
In this invention it has been shown for the first time that in a silage-based diet for dairy cows, histidine is the first limiting amino acid in the milk production of cows.
According to the invention it has thus been observed that the protein-fat ratio in the milk of dairy cows can be increased and nitrogen utilization improved by giving to the cow supplementary histidine in the form of a compound feed, when care is taken at the same time that the total crude protein in the compound feed is kept below a specific limit value. Thus according to the invention, the histidine content in the compound feed is increased in relation to the other amino acids in the compound feed.
The object of the invention is thus a compound feed, which contains feed components conventionally used in compound feeds, the crude protein content of which is not more than 14% by weight, as calculated from the whole weight of the compound feed,
Aronen Ilmo
Holma Merja
Huhtanen Pekka
Vanhatalo Aila
Varvikko Tuomo
Connolly Bove Lodge & Hutz
Rehuraisio Oy
Sayala Chhaya D.
LandOfFree
Compound feed containing histidine and process for its... does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Compound feed containing histidine and process for its..., we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Compound feed containing histidine and process for its... will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-2493809