Antivenom immunesera

Details Antivenom immunesera Antivenom immunesera

1994-08-05

2004-12-21

Navarro, Mark (Department: 1645)

Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions

Immunoglobulin, antiserum, antibody, or antibody fragment,...

C424S542000, C424S804000, C424S809000, C435S975000, C514S829000, C530S387100, C530S389100, C530S856000, C530S866000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06833131

ABSTRACT:

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
1. Background of the Invention
The present invention relates to antivenoms and processes for their preparation. More particularly, the invention relates to snake antivenoms and processes for their preparation.
2. Description of Related Art
A number of animals including snakes, gila monsters, spiders and bees produce venoms which are hazardous to man. For example, approximately one million people throughout the world are bitten each year by poisonous snakes. It has been estimated that of these some 100,000 die and that another 300,000 will suffer some form of disability for the remainder of their lives. This is probably a gross underestimation due to lack of detailed records from some parts of the world.
Snake venoms, produced primarily for the procurement of prey or in a defensive role, are complex biological mixtures of upwards of 50 components. Death of prey from a snake bite is due to respiratory or circulatory failure caused by various neurotoxins, cardiotoxins (also called cytotoxins), coagulation factors, and other substances acting alone or synergistically. Snake venoms also contain a number of enzymes which when injected into the prey start tissue digestion. The venoms thus contain substances designed to affect the vital processes such as nerve and muscle function, the action of the heart, circulation of the blood and the permeability of membranes. Most constituents of snake venoms are proteins, but low molecular weight compounds such as peptides, nucleotides and metal ions are also present (1).
Poisonous snakes may be divided into 4 main families,
TABLE 1.1
Classification of venomous snakes
Class: Reptilla (Reptiles)
Order: Squamata (Snakes and Lizards)
Suborder: Serpentes (Snakes)
Infra order: Alethinophidia (Spectacled Snakes)
Superfamily: Colubroidea (Advanced Snakes)
Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Colubridae
Nactricinae (Nactricine Water Snakes)
(Colubrid
Dispholidinae (African Rear-Fanged
Snakes)
Snakes)
Atrctaspidinae (Burrowing False
Vipers)
Elapidae
Bungarinae (Cobras)
Bungarini (Kraits)
(Palatine
Najini (Cobras)
Erectors)
Elapinae
Elapini (American
Coral)
Maticorini (Asian
Coral)
Laticaudini (Sea
Kraits)
Hydrophhiidae
Oxyuraninae (Australasian Venomous Snakes)
(Palatine
Hydrophiinae
Ephalophini
Draggers)
(True Sea Snakes)
Hydrelapini
Aipysurini
Hydrophini
Viperidae
Viperinae (Pitless
Viprini (True
(Vipers)
Vipers)
Vipers)
Azemiopini (Fea's
Viper)
Causini (Night
Adders)
Crotaline (Pit Vipers)
Lachesini (Bush-
masters)
Crotalini
(Viviparous Pit
Vipers)
TABLE 1.2
Classification and geographical distribution of
subfamily Crotalinae.
Tribe
Genus
Habitat
Lachesini
Lachesis (Bush-
Central and South
masters)
America
Crotalini
Crotalus (Rattle-
North, Central and
snakes)
South America
Sistrurus (Mass-
North America
augas and pigmy
rattlesnakes)
Bothrops (New World
Central and North
pit vipers)
America
Trimeresurus
Asia and North
(Asiatic pit
America
vipers)
Hypnale
Asia
Agkistrodon
North America,
(Moccasin)
Southeast Europe,
and Asia
the Colubridae, the Viperidae, the Hydrophidae and the Elapidae (2). The systematics of these snakes is described in Tables 1.1 and 1.2. Rattlesnakes which are particular to the American continent are members of a subfamily of venomous snakes from the Viperidae family known as Crotalinae, genera Crotalus or Sistrusus (rattlesnakes) Bothrops, Apkistrodon and Trimerisurus. The two rattlesnake genera may be broken down still further into species and sub species. These snakes are also called the ‘pit vipers’ due to the presence of facial sensory heat pits, however their most prominent feature is the rattle which when present distinguishes them from all other snakes.
Each species or subspecies occupies a distinct geographical location in the North or South America. The venom of each species of rattlesnake contains components which may be common to all rattlesnakes, common to only some smaller groups or may be specific to a single species or subspecies (3).
Antivenom is the serum or partially purified antibody fraction of serum from animals that have been rendered immune to venom toxicity as a result of a regimen of injections of increasing doses of snake venom.
The scientific study of antivenom began with the work of Henry Sewell (5) in 1887 and has progressed throughout the present century. Currently, a large number and diversity of monospecific and polyspecific antivenoms are produced around the world.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION


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