Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Products per se – or processes of preparing or treating... – Carbohydrate containing
Reexamination Certificate
1998-06-08
2001-10-23
Gitomer, Ralph (Department: 1623)
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Products per se, or processes of preparing or treating...
Carbohydrate containing
C424S442000, C514S054000, C514S055000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06306453
ABSTRACT:
Anti-stress agents for aquatic animals
The present invention is concerned with anti-stress agents for the improvement of the resistance of aquatic animals, especially of fish, shrimps and invertebrates, in fresh and sea water, in the case of stresses of all kinds, which are also usable as anti-stress agent for warm and cold water decorative fish, said agents containing a vitamin or a combination of vitamins in megadoses and one or more immune stimulators.
The use is known from AU 92 10 574 of immune stimulators, for example glucan, for protection against bacterial and viral infectious diseases in shrimps. Administration takes place via the feed in a dosing of 0.001-10%. As in JP 22 18 615, in EP-A-0 466 037 is described the increasing of the resistance of fish and shrimps toward pathogens. The dry feed contains 5-100 mg glucan per kg of feed. In EP-A-0 384 323 is described the synergistic effect of a vaccination against Aeromonas in the case of fish by simultaneous administration of 15-20 mg glucan via the feed per kg of body weight. Furthermore, from EP-A-0 559 450 is known the use of glucan as a binding agent in fish feed.
The vitamin contents in the natural raw materials usually employed which are worked up to mixed feeds for aquatic animals are mostly not sufficient in order to prevent deficiency symptoms. To the most frequent nutritionally caused diseases belong vitamin deficiency phenomena. For this reason, vitamins are usually added to feedstuffs for fish and shrimps in amounts covering the requirements.
Commercially usual dosagings are described, for example in NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Warmwater Fishes and Shellfishes, 1983. The recommended commercially usual value requirements for vitamins for fish, for example Cyprinus carpio L., amount, per kg of feed, to 10000 IU of vitamin A, 500 to 1000 IU of vitamin D, 30 mg of Vitamin E, 1 mg of vitamin B
1
, 9 mg of vitamin B
2
, 3 mg of vitamin B
6
, 60 mg of vitamin C, 10 to 20 mg of pantothenic acid and 14 mg of nicotinic acid. Statements of need for vitamin B
12
, vitamin K, inositol, choline, folic acid and vitamin C equivalent from long-stable vitamin C phosphate are not documented.
The effects of overdosages of vitamins by the use of megadoses of vitamins have been described in the scientific literature (see, for example, Steffens: Grundlagen der Fischernährung, 1985). In the case of the investigations, it was primarily observed whether hypervitaminoses, such as increased mortality, reduced growth, unfavourable feed utilisation, strong defects caused by overdosages of vitamins, occurred, for example by the feeding of 3.75×10
6
IU of vitamin D
3
/kg of feed; 2×106 IU of vitamin A/kg of feed; 5 g of vitamin E/kg of feed; 10 g of nicotinic acid/kg of feed. However, the examined megadoses showed no negative effects.
Surprisingly, we have now found that anti-stress agents, especially feed materials or aqueous suspensions for the introduction into the living water, containing an overdosage of one or more vitamins in combination with one or more immune stimulators, are outstandingly suitable for increasing the resistance of aqueous animals in the case of strains of all kinds but especially due to stress.
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Siwicki et al. “Dietary Intake of Immunostimulants by Rainbow Trout Affects Non-Specific Immunity & Protection Against Furunculosis”,Vet. Immunol. Immunopath,vol. 41(2): 125-139, 1994.*
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Lall et al. “Role of Vitamins and &bgr;-Glucans on Immune Response and Disease Resistance in Atlantic Salmon”,Bull. of Aqua. Assoc. Canada, vol. 95-2: 41-44, Jun. 1995.*
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Leslie Alhadeff, M.D., C. Thomas Gualtieri, M.D. and Morris Lipton, M.D., Ph.D.; “Toxic Effects of Water-Soluble Vitamins, ” Nutrition Reviews, vol. 42, No. 2, Feb. 1984, pp. 33-40.
Federman Evan J.
Gitomer Ralph
Khare Devesh
Little Darryl C.
Warner-Lambert & Company
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