Electrical computers and digital processing systems: processing – Processing control – Context preserving (e.g. – context swapping – checkpointing,...
Reexamination Certificate
1998-12-03
2001-03-20
Eng, David Y. (Department: 2783)
Electrical computers and digital processing systems: processing
Processing control
Context preserving (e.g., context swapping, checkpointing,...
Reexamination Certificate
active
06205543
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to storage or memory in a processor. More specifically, the present invention relates to a register file storage for a multiprogramming processor including structures and techniques for handling context switching.
2. Description of the Related Art
One technique for improving the performance of processors is parallel execution of multiple instructions to allow the instruction execution rate to exceed the clock rate. Various types of parallel processors have been developed including Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processors that use multiple, independent functional units to execute multiple instructions in parallel. VLIW processors package multiple operations into one very long instruction, the multiple operations being determined by sub-instructions that are applied to the independent functional units.
The multiple functional units are kept busy by maintaining a code sequence with sufficient operations to keep instructions scheduled. A VLIW processor often uses a technique called trace scheduling to maintain scheduling efficiency by unrolling loops and scheduling code across basic function blocks. Trace scheduling also improves efficiency by allowing instructions to move across branch points.
A register file with a large number of registers is often used to increase performance of a VLIW processor. A VLIW processor is typically implemented as a deeply pipelined engine with an “in-order” execution model. To attain a high performance a large number of registers is utilized so that the multiple functional units are busy as often as possible.
A large register file has many advantages but also has several drawbacks. For example, as the number of registers that are directly addressable is increased, the number of bits used in the instruction also increases. For a rich instruction set architecture with, for example, four register specifiers, an additional bit for a register specifier effectively costs four bits in the instruction (one bit per register specifier). Also, a register file with many registers occupies a large area. Furthermore, a register file with many registers may create critical timing paths and therefore limit the cycle time of the processor.
Another disadvantage of a large register file relates to the handling of registers during context switching of a multiprogrammed processor. A multiprogrammed processor is executable with several processes sharing the processing units concurrently. In any given clock cycle, only a single process has instructions executing on the processing units. The multiple processes execute concurrently by timesharing both the processing units and the memory, including the register file. When the context of the processor switches, the internal state of the processor, including all state information for an executing first process, is saved into a memory, and then state information for a saved second process is restored into an executing state. A processor with a large register file incurs a large overhead during context switching since the values for the first process that are held in a large number of registers are shifted from the register file to a context storage, followed by shifting of values for the second process from a context storage to the register file. The overhead of context switching reduces the time during which the processor executes instructions, reducing the efficiency of the processor.
What is needed is a technique and structure that improve the efficiency of context switching in a multiprogrammed processor that has a large register file.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A processor including a large register file utilizes a dirty bit storage coupled to the register file and a dirty bit logic that controls resetting of the dirty bit storage. The dirty bit logic determines whether a register or group of registers in the register file has been written since the process was loaded or the context was last restored and, if written generates a value in the dirty bit storage that designates the written condition of the register or group of registers. When the context is next saved, the dirty bit logic saves a particular register or group of registers when the dirty bit storage indicates that a register or group of registers was written. If the register or group of registers was not written, the context is switched without saving the register or group of registers. The dirty bit storage is initialized when a process is loaded or the context changes.
In some embodiments, the dirty bit logic accesses a destination register (rd) field of an instruction and classifies the destination register rd according to the address in the rd field. The classification corresponds to a bit in the dirty bit storage and the bit is evaluated to designate that the particular classification includes a register that is written by the instruction.
In an illustrative embodiment, a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processor has a plurality of functional units and includes a dirty bit storage, a dirty bit logic, and a multi-ported register file that is divided into a plurality of separate register file segments. Each of the register file segments is associated to one of the plurality of functional units. The register file segments are partitioned into local registers and global registers. The global registers are read and written by all functional units. The local registers are read and written only by a functional unit associated with a particular register file segment. The local registers and global registers are addressed using register addresses in an address space that is separately defined for a register file segment/functional unit pair. The global registers are addressed within a selected global register range using the same register addresses for the plurality of register file segment/functional unit pairs. The local registers in a register file segment are addressed using register addresses in a local register range outside the global register range that are assigned within a single register file segment/functional unit pair. Register addresses in the local register range are the same for the plurality of register file segment/functional unit pairs and address registers locally within a register file segment/functional unit pair. The dirty bit logic accesses a destination register (rd) field of an instruction and classifies the destination register rd according to the address in the rd field. The classification corresponds to a bit in the dirty bit storage and the bit is evaluated to designate that the particular classification includes a register that is written by the instruction. In one example, the dirty bit logic classifies the register file into several groups of registers including a plurality of register groups within the global register range and one or more register groups in the individual local register groups. In another example, the dirty bit logic classifies the register file into a plurality of registers including a plurality of register groups within the global register range and one register group that includes all of the local register groups.
In accordance with an additional aspect of the present invention, a processor including a large register file utilizes a dirty bit storage coupled to the register file, a dirty bit enable storage, and a dirty bit logic that controls resetting of the dirty bit storage. The dirty bit logic determines whether a register or group of registers in the register file has been written since the context was last restored and, if written generates a value in the dirty bit storage that designates the written condition of the register or group of registers. When the context is next saved, the dirty bit logic saves a particular register or group of registers when the dirty bit storage indicates that a register or group of registers was written. The dirty bit enable storage is used to enable or disable the dirty bit operation on a group-by-group basis within the register file. The dirty bit enable storage has a bit that correspo
Joy William
Tremblay Marc
Eng David Y.
Koestner Ken J.
Skjerven Morrill & MacPherson LLP
Sun Microsystems Inc.
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