Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving glucose or galactose
Patent
1993-06-14
1995-06-06
Beisner, William H.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving glucose or galactose
435 25, 435288, 435291, 435817, 205164, 204403, 20415312, C12Q 154, C12M 140
Patent
active
054222460
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The invention relates to an electrode which is provided with a polymer coating having a redox enzyme bound thereto and which electrode, depending on the chosen aim, can be used either in a biosensor for the specific detection of certain substances recognisable to the particular enzyme or in the production of chemicals which can be prepared by the particular enzyme. The invention also relates to biosensors and production installations for chemicals, which contain such as electrode.
A biosensor of the type described above is disclosed in Anal. Chem. 1990, 62. pp. 1111-1117. More particularly, this literature reference relates to a platinum-plated carbon electrode, which is provided with the redox enzyme glucose oxidase and a layer of polymerised 1,2-diaminobenzane applied by means of electropolymerisation. Using a glucose sensor of this type, based on flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-bound glucose oxidase (GOd, the glucose to be detected is determined indirectly with the aid of the liberated hydrogen peroxide, as is illustrated by the reaction equations given below:
However, the detection of this hydrogen peroxide, which is detected at the anode, has the disadvantage that said detection must be carried out under high voltages applied to the sensor, which can give rise to interference by other substances. Moreover, the hydrogen peroxide has a degrading action on the glucose oxidase used as redox enzyme (see p. 1112, left hand column, paragraph three). In addition, it is pointed out that an immobilisation of the glucose oxidase preferably takes place using a carbodiimide as agent providing covalent bonds and/or glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent, which makes the production of such a biosensor fairly laborious.
In Acc. Chem. Res. 23 (1990), pp. 128-134 the use of small diffusing mediators such as, for example, ferrocene and ferrocene 7 derivatives, as synthetic electron acceptor for redox enzymes is reported. In the case of glucose oxidase, the glucose to be detected is determined indirectly via the (reduced) mediator; see the reaction equations below: +2H.sup.+
The reduced mediator obtained is then oxidised electrochemically. However, it has been found that the use of a mediator is associated with disadvantages such as the leakage of the mediator from the system. Moreover, suitable mediators often have toxic characteristics. This severely restricts the field of application of sensors based thereon.
Sensors and Actuators B1 (1990), pp. 537-541 discloses the use of a polypyrrole file applied to an electrode surface, which film is bonded convalently, via a carbodiimide activation, with redox enzymes such as glucose oxidase and the like. Biosensors having a relatively short response time are obtained in this way. However, in the production of such biosensors a carbodiimide is required as reagent, the use of which is found to be undesirable.
Biotechnol. Bioeng. (1988), 31, 6, 3/2, 553-558 discloses an electrocatalysis reactor in which glucose oxidase is used as redox enzyme. This glucose oxidase is applied to the surface of carbon felt by means of carrying out an interface oxidation of the carbon in order to form carboxylic acid groups and an activation of these groups by means of a carbodiimide, followed by immobilisation of the glucose oxidase. A solution of glucose (as starting material for gluconic acid) and benzoquinone (as electron transfer mediator) was passed through the reactor described in this literature reference. The reactor produces gluconic acid from glucose at a rate of about 100 g/hour.liter of reactor. Apart from the specific method of immobilisation of the redox enzyme, the use of the mediator is also found to be not very suitable.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,575 relates to electrically conductive composite comprising a dielectric porous substance e.g. fiberglass fabric, and the electrically conducting polymer polypyrrole deposited in the pores and interstices of such substance. Such type of composites which pores and interstices have been impregnated i.e. practically filled with polypyrrole do have--
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Koopal Cornelis G. J.
Nolte Roeland J. M.
Schasfoort Richardus B. M.
Beisner William H.
Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk On
Turner Ralph G.
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