Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving antigen-antibody binding – specific binding protein...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-04-17
2004-02-24
Chin, Christopher L. (Department: 1641)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving antigen-antibody binding, specific binding protein...
C422S051000, C422S051000, C422S051000, C422S051000, C422S067000, C435S006120, C435S007230, C435S007320, C435S007910, C435S007920, C435S034000, C435S287100, C435S287200, C435S287900, C435S288300, C436S514000, C436S515000, C436S518000, C436S529000, C436S535000, C436S805000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06696264
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, or biological materials, and more particularly relates to a composite bioassay material useful for the detection of particular toxic substances, its method of manufacture and method of use, wherein the composite material is particularly useful for food packaging and the like, and is capable of simultaneously detecting and identifying a multiplicity of such biological materials.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Although considerable effort and expense have been put forth in an effort to control food borne pathogenic microorganisms, there nevertheless exist significant safety problems in the supply of packaged food. For example, numerous outbreaks of food poisoning brought about by foodstuffs contaminated with strains of the
E
-
Coli
, Campylobacter, Listeria, Cyclospora and Salmonella microorganisms have caused illness and even death, not to mention a tremendous loss of revenue for food producers. These and other microorganisms can inadvertently taint food, even when reasonably careful food handling procedures are followed. The possibility of accidental contamination, for example by temperature abuse, in and of itself, is enough to warrant incorporation of safe and effective biological material diagnosis and detection procedures. Further complicating the situation is the very real possibility that a terrorist organization might target either the food or water supply of a municipality or even a nation itself, by attempting to include a pathogenic microorganism or toxic contaminant capable of causing widespread illness or even death. If, by accident or design, the food supply of a particular population were to be contaminated, it is not only imperative that the population be alerted to the contamination, but it is further necessary that the particular contaminant be quickly and precisely pinpointed so that appropriate countermeasures may be taken.
Thus, if it were possible to readily substitute standard packaging materials with a flexible material capable of 1) quickly and easily detecting the presence, and 2) indicating the particular identity of a variety of pathogenic biological materials, a long felt need would be satisfied.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
The Berkeley Lab Research News of Dec. 10, 1996, in an article entitle “New Sensor Provides First Instant Test for Toxic
E. Coli
Organism” reports on the work of Stevens and Cheng to develop sensors capable of detecting
E. Coli
strain 0157:H7. A color change from blue to red instantaneously signals the presence of the virulent
E. Coli
0157:H7 microorganism. Prior art required test sampling and a 24 hour culture period in order to determine the presence of the
E. Coli
microorganism, requiring the use of a variety of diagnostic tools including dyes and microscopes. An alternative technique, involving the use of polymerase chain reaction technology, multiplies the amount of DNA present in a sample until it reaches a detectable level. This test requires several hours before results can be obtained. The Berkeley sensor is inexpensive and may be placed on a variety of materials such as plastic, paper, or glass, e.g. within a bottle cap or container lid. Multiple copies of a single molecule are fabricated into a thin film which has a two part composite structure. The surface binds the biological material while the backbone underlying the surface is the color-changing signaling system.
The Berkeley researchers do not teach the concept of incorporating any means for self-detection within food packaging, nor do they contemplate the inclusion of multiple means capable of both detecting and identifying the source of pathogenic contamination to a technically untrained end user, e.g. the food purchaser or consumer.
Wang et al, in an article entitled “An immune-capturing and concentrating procedure for
Escherichia coli
0157:H7 and its detection by epifluorescence microscopy” published in Food Microbiology, 1998, Vol. 15 discloses the capture of
E. coli
on a polyvinylchloride sheet coated with polyclonal anti-
E. coli
0157:H7 antibody and stained with fluorescein-labeled anti-
E. coli
0157:H7. After being scraped from the PVC surface, the cells were subjected to epifluorescence microscopy for determining presence and concentration. The reference fails to teach or suggest the concept of incorporating any means for self-detection within food packaging, nor does it contemplate the inclusion of multiple means capable of both detecting and identifying the source of pathogenic contamination to a technically untrained end user, e.g. the food purchaser or consumer, and especially fails to disclose such detection without the use of specialized detection techniques and equipment.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,672 discloses a single stranded nucleic acid probe having a base sequence complementary to the gene to be detected which is immobilized onto the surface of an optical fiber and then reacted with the gene sample denatured to a single stranded form. The nucleic acid probe, hybridized with the gene is detected by electrochemical or optical detection methodology. In contrast to the instantly disclosed invention, this reference does not suggest the immobilization of the probe onto a flexible polyvinylchloride or polyolefin film, nor does it suggest the utilization of gelcoats having varying porosities to act as a control or limiting agent with respect to the migration of antibodies or microbial material through the bioassay test material, or to serve as a medium for enhancement of the growth of the microbial material.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,291 discloses a method of identifying oligomer sequences. The method generates aptamers which are capable of binding to serum factors and all surface molecules. Complexation of the target molecules with a mixture of nucleotides occurs under conditions wherein a complex is formed with the specific binding sequences but not with the other members of the oligonucleotide mixture. The reference fails to suggest the immobilization of the aptamers upon a flexible polyvinylchloride or polyolefin base material, nor does it suggest the use of a protective gelcoat layer which acts as a means to selectively control the migration of antibodies and antigens, or to serve as a medium for enhancement of the growth of microbial material.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to packaging materials for food and other products, along with methods for their manufacture and use. The presence of undesirable biological materials in the packaged material is readily ascertained by the consumer, merchant, regulator, etc. under ordinary conditions and without the use of special equipment. A multiplicity of biological materials threaten our food supply. The present invention provides a unique composite material capable of detecting and identifying multiple biological materials within a single package. The biological material identification system is designed for incorporation into existing types of flexible packaging material such as polyvinylchloride and polyolefin films, and its introduction into the existing packaging infrastructure will require little or no change to present systems or procedures. Thus, the widespread inclusion of the biological material detecting system of the instant invention will be both efficient and economical.
In one embodiment of the invention the biological material detecting system prints a pattern containing several antibodies or aptamers, derived from plant or animal origins, onto a packaging material which is usually a type of polymeric film, preferably a polyvinylchloride or polyolefin film and most preferably a polyethylene film which has undergone a surface treatment, e.g. corona discharge to enhance the film's ability to immobilize the antibodies upon its surface. The agents are protected by a special abrasion resistant gel coat in which the porosity is tailored to control the ability of certain antibodies, toxic substances, etc. to migrate therethrough. Each antibody is specific to a particular
Bodenhamer William T.
Davies Eric
Griffiths Mansel
Jackowski George
Chin Christopher L.
McHale & Slavin P.A.
Toxin Alert, Inc.
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