Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Having -c- – wherein x is chalcogen – bonded directly to...
Reexamination Certificate
1997-12-01
2003-02-04
Criares, Theodore J. (Department: 1614)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Having -c-, wherein x is chalcogen, bonded directly to...
Reexamination Certificate
active
06515016
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for treating or preventing inflammatory diseases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Inflammatory diseases, whether of a chronic or acute nature, represent a substantial problem in the healthcare industry. Briefly, chronic inflammation is considered to be inflammation of a prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at healing are proceeding simultaneously (
Robbins Pathological Basis of Disease
by R. S. Cotran, V. Kumar, and S. L. Robbins, W. B. Saunders Co., p. 75, 1989). Although chronic inflammation can follow an acute inflammatory episode, it can also begin as an insidious process that progresses with time, for example, as a result of a persistent infection (e.g., tuberculosis, syphilis, fungal infection) which causes a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, prolonged exposure to endogenous (e.g., elevated plasma lipids) or exogenous (e.g., silica, asbestos, cigarette tar, surgical sutures) toxins, or, autoimmune reactions against the body's own tissues (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis). Chronic inflammatory diseases therefore, include many common medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, restenosis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, surgical adhesions, tuberculosis, and chronic inflammatory lung diseases (e.g., asthma, pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nasal polyps and pulmonary fibrosis).
P
SORIASIS
Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by raised, inflamed, thickened and scaly lesions, which itch, burn, sting and bleed easily. In approximately 10% of patients, psoriasis is accompanied by pronounced arthropathic symptoms that are similar to the changes seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Approximately 2 to 3% of the U.S. population suffers from psoriasis, with 250,000 new cases being diagnosed each year.
At present, the cause of psoriasis is unknown, although there is considerable evidence that it is a polygenic autoimmune disorder. In addition, there is currently no cure for psoriasis. Available treatments include topical therapies such as steroid creams and ointments, coal tar and anthralin, and systemic treatment such as steroids, ultra violet B, PUVA, methotrexate and cyclosporin. However, unsatisfactory remission rates and/or potentially serious side effects characterize most anti-psoriatic therapies. The overall cost of treating psoriasis in the United States is estimated at between $3 to $5 billion per year, making psoriasis a major health care problem.
M
ULTIPLE
S
CLEROSIS
Multiple sclerosis (MS), affecting 350,000 people (women:men=2:1) in the United States, with 8,000 new cases reported each year, is the most common chronic inflammatory disease involving the nervous system. Typically, MS presents clinically as recurring episodes of adverse neurological deficits occurring over a period of several years. Roughly half of MS cases progress to a more chronic phase. Although the disease does not result in early death or impairment of cognitive functions, it cripples the patient by disturbing visual acuity; stimulating double vision; disturbing motor functions affecting walking and use of the hands; producing bowel and bladder incontinence; spasticity; and sensory deficits (touch, pain and temperature sensitivity).
The cause of MS is unknown, although there is considerable evidence that it is an autoimmune disease. Currently, there is no cure available for multiple sclerosis, and present therapeutic regimens have been only partially successful. For example, although chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate, cyclosporin and azathioprine, have been examined for the management of patients with treatment unresponsive progressive disease, minimal long-term beneficial effects have been demonstrated to date.
Other therapeutics which have been recently approved include interferon-&bgr; for use in ambulatory patients with relapsing-remitting MS (Paty et al.,
Neurology
43:662-667, 1993), specifically, Betaseron (recombinant interferon &bgr;-1&bgr;; human interferon beta substituted at position 17, Cys® Ser; Berlex/Chiron) or Avonex (recombinant interferon &bgr;-1&agr;; glycosylated human interferon beta produced in mammalian cells; Biogen). Unfortunately, while Betaseron provides for an enhanced quality of life for MS patients, disease progression does not appear to be significantly improved. Adverse experiences associated with Betaseron therapy include: injection site reactions (inflammation, pain, hypersensitivity and necrosis), and a flu-like symptom complex (fever, chills, anxiety and confusion).
R
HEUMATOID
A
RTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating, chronic inflammatory disease affecting 1 to 2% of the world's population. This condition causes pain, swelling and destruction of multiple joints in the body and can also result in damage to other organs such as the lungs and kidneys. People with advanced disease have a mortality rate greater than some forms of cancer and because of this, treatment regimes have shifted towards aggressive early drug therapy designed to reduce the probability of irreversible joint damage. Recent recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology (
Arthritis and Rheumatism
39(5):713-722, 1996) include early initiation of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy for any patient with an established diagnosis and ongoing symptoms. Anticancer drugs have become the first line therapy for the vast majority of patients, with the chemotherapeutic drug, methotrexate, being the drug of choice for 60 to 70% of rheumatologists. The severity of the disease often warrants indefinite weekly treatment with this drug and, in those patients whose disease progresses despite methotrexate therapy (over 50% of patients), second line chemotherapeutic drugs such as cyclosporin and azathioprine (alone or in combination) are frequently employed.
R
ESTENOSIS
Restenosis is a form of chronic vascular injury leading to vessel wall thickening and loss of blood flow to the tissue supplied by the blood vessel. It occurs in response to vascular reconstructive procedures, including virtually any manipulation which attempts to relieve vessel obstructions, and is the major factor limiting the effectiveness of invasive treatments for vascular diseases. Restenosis has been a major challenge to cardiovascular research for the past 15 years. According to 1994 estimates (U.S. Heart and Stroke Foundation), over 60 million Americans have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease. These diseases claimed approximately 1 million lives in the same year (41% of all deaths in the United States) and are considered the leading cause of death and disability in the developed world.
Currently, no existing, technically approved, treatments for the prevention of restenosis have been effective in humans. Systemic therapies which have been investigated include agents directed at treatment of endothelial loss, anti-platelet agents (e.g., aspirin), vasodilators (e.g., calcium channel blockers), antithrombotics (e.g., heparin), anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., steroids), agents which prevent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation (e.g., colchicine) and promoters of re-endothelialization (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). Local treatments which have been investigated include local drug delivery (e.g., heparin) and beta and gamma radiation. All have been disappointing in human use, primarily because they appear to act on a limited portion of the restenotic process. Systemic treatments have also encountered the additional problem of achieving adequate absorption and retention of the drug at the site of the disease to provide a lasting biological effect, without causing unfavorable systemic complications and toxicities.
I
NFLAMMATORY
B
OWEL
D
ISEASE
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to chronic disorders (primarily Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) that cause inflammation or ulcer
Angiotech Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Criares Theodore J.
Seed IP Law Group PLLC
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