Optical waveguides – Optical fiber bundle – Fiber bundle plate
Reexamination Certificate
2000-03-01
2003-05-20
Sanghavi, Hemang (Department: 2874)
Optical waveguides
Optical fiber bundle
Fiber bundle plate
C385S043000, C385S116000, C385S121000, C385S901000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06567594
ABSTRACT:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA
This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. P11-058050, filed Mar. 5, 1999.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an optical device, for example, suitable for a flat display for extracting light generated in a light emission portion from a substrate to the external, more particularly to an optical device suitable for an organic electroluminescence display using an organic thin film as an electroluminescence layer, and also relates to a base for the optical device.
Recently, interfaces between human being and machines, for example, multi-media oriented articles have become increasingly important. In order for a user to more comfortably, efficiently operate a machine, it is required for the user to nonerroneously, simply, instantly take a sufficient amount of information out of the machine. To meet such a requirement, studies have been made to develop various display devices.
With the miniaturization of machines, display devices concerned therewith have been also increasingly required to be miniaturized and thinned.
For example, the miniaturization of so-called a laptop-type information processing equipment, that is, display device incorporating type information processing equipment, such as a note-type personal computer or a note-type word processor, has significantly advanced, and correspondingly, the technique regarding the liquid crystal displays as the display devices used for the laptop type information processing equipment has been significantly innovated.
Nowadays, liquid crystal displays have been used as interfaces for various articles used in our daily life, for example, needless to say, laptop-type information equipment, small-sized TV sets, watches, and electronic calculators.
The liquid crystal display having a feature of the liquid crystal which is driven at a low voltage, that is, at a low power consumption, has been studied as a primary display device to be used in various interfaces between human being and machines, that is, various display devices ranging from a small-sized display device to a large capacity display device.
The liquid crystal display, however, has no spontaneous luminescence, and therefore, it requires a backlight. The drive of the backlight requires a power larger than a power for driving liquid crystal. As a result, the liquid crystal display has such a limitation in use that the service time is short insofar as the device is driven by a self-contained battery.
The liquid crystal display has another problem that it is not suitable to be used as a large-sized display device because of its narrow viewing angle, and has a further problem that the contrast varies depending on the viewing angle even if the angle is within a specific viewing angle, because of the display mechanism utilizing the orientation state of liquid crystal molecules.
The liquid crystal display also has an inconvenience caused by its drive mode. For example, an active matrix mode as one of the drive modes of the liquid crystal display exhibits a large response speed enough to handle a moving picture, however, since such a mode adopts a TFT drive circuit, it fails to enlarge the screen size because of a pixel failure. The use of the TFT drive circuit is also undesirable in terms of cost reduction.
A simple matrix mode as another drive mode of the liquid crystal display is low in cost and relatively easy in enlargement of the screen size, however, it does not exhibit a response speed enough to handle a moving picture.
On the other hand, studies have been made to develop spontaneous light emission devices such as a plasma display device, an inorganic electroluminescence device, and an organic electroluminescence device.
The plasma display device utilizes plasma emission in a low pressure gas as a display means, and therefore, it is adapted to enlarge the screen size and to increase the capacity, however, it has problems in terms of thinning and cost. Further, the plasma display device is not suitable to be used as a portable device because a high voltage DC bias must be applied for driving the plasma display device.
As the inorganic electroluminescence device, a green color luminescence display has been commercialized, however, since such a device is driven with a DC bias like the plasma display device, it requires a large drive voltage of several hundreds V. Further, it is apparently difficult to develop a full-color inorganic electroluminescence display.
On the other hand, an organic electroluminescence phenomenon has been studied for a long time since a luminescence phenomenon caused by injecting carriers in an anthracene single crystal having a feature of strongly generating fluorescence had been found in the early 1960s, however, on the basis of the facts that the luminance has been low, luminescence of only single color has been found, and luminescence has been generated by injecting carriers to a single crystal, the studies have been continued as basic studies regarding injection of carries in organic materials.
However, in 1987, Mr. Tang and others of Eastman Kodak Company announced an organic thin film electroluminescence device of a laminated structure having an amorphous luminescence layer enabling low voltage drive and luminescence with a high luminance, and since then studies and developments have been extensively made regarding luminescence of three primary colors, R (red), G (green), and B (blue), stability, rise in luminance, laminated structure, production method, etc.
Along with development of new organic materials by molecular design or the like, studies have been extensively made to apply innovative organic electroluminescence display devices having excellent features such as low DC voltage drive, thinner, spontaneous luminescence, to color displays.
The organic electroluminescence device (hereinafter, referred to sometimes as “organic EL device”) has an ideal feature as a spontaneous luminescence type display device, which converts an electric energy caused by injection of a current into an optical energy for exhibiting planar luminescence.
FIG. 13
shows one example of a related art organic EL device
10
. The organic EL device
10
is produced by sequentially forming, on a transparent substrate (for example, glass substrate)
6
, an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) transparent electrode
5
, a hole transfer layer
4
, a luminescence layer
3
, an electron transfer layer
2
, and a cathode (for example, aluminum electrode)
1
by a vacuum vapor-deposition method.
When a DC voltage
7
is applied between the transparent electrode
4
serving as an anode and the cathode
1
, holes as carriers injected from the transparent electrode
5
reach the luminescence layer
3
through the hole transfer layer
4
while electrons injected from the cathode
1
also reach the luminescence layer
3
through the electron transfer layer
2
, to cause recombination of the electrons and the holes in the luminescence layer
3
. As a result, luminescence
8
having a specific wavelength occurs by the above recombination of the electrons and holes, which is visible from the transparent substrate
6
side.
The luminescence layer
3
may be made from one or more kinds of luminescent materials selected from anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, perilene, butadiene, coumarin, acridine, and stilbene. A mixture with such a luminescent material may be contained in the electron transfer layer
2
.
FIG. 14
shows an another related art organic EL device
10
A, in which the luminescence layer
3
is omitted but instead a mixture with the above luminescent material is contained in the electron transfer layer
2
, whereby luminescence
8
having a specific wavelength is generated from an interface between the electron transfer layer
2
and the hole transfer layer
4
.
FIG. 15
shows an application example of the above organic EL device, in which a laminated body of organic layers (a hole transfer layer
4
and a luminescence layer
3
or an electron transfer layer
2
) is disposed between the stripe cathodes
Knauss Scott A
Sanghavi Hemang
Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal
Sony Corporation
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