Fuel and related compositions – Liquid fuels – Aluminum or heavy metal – other than lead – containing
Reexamination Certificate
2000-11-28
2003-07-15
Cole, Elizabeth M. (Department: 1764)
Fuel and related compositions
Liquid fuels
Aluminum or heavy metal, other than lead, containing
C162S358200, C162S358400, C162S900000, C162S901000, C162S902000, C162S904000, C162S109000, C162S110000, C162S112000, C162S113000, C162S114000, C162S117000, C139S38300A, C139S42500R, C139S042000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06592636
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to the field of papermaker's fabrics, particularly, a press fabric having an anti rewet barrier.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
During the papermaking process, a cellulosic fibrous web is formed by depositing a fibrous slurry, that is, an aqueous dispersion of cellulose fibers, onto a moving forming fabric in the forming section of a paper machine. A large amount of water is drained from the slurry through the forming fabric, leaving the cellulosic fiberous web on the surface of the forming fabric.
The newly formed cellulosic fibrous web proceeds from the forming section to a press section, which includes a series of press nips. The cellulosic fibrous web passes through the press nips supported by a press fabric, or, as is often the case, between two such fabrics. In the press nips, the cellulosic fibrous web is subjected to compressive forces which squeeze water therefrom, and which adhere the cellulosic fibers in the web to one another to turn the cellulosic fibrous web into a paper sheet. The water is accepted by the press fabric or fabrics and, ideally, does not return to the paper sheet.
The paper sheet finally proceeds to a dryer section, which includes at least one series of rotatable dryer drums or cylinders, which are internally heated by steam. The newly formed paper sheet is directed in a serpentine path sequentially around each in the series of drums by a dryer fabric, which holds the paper sheet closely against the surfaces of the drums. The heated drums reduce the water content of the paper sheet to a desirable level through evaporation.
It should be appreciated that the forming, press and dryer fabrics all take the form of endless loops on the paper machine and function in the manner of conveyors. It should further be appreciated that paper manufacture is a continuous process which proceeds at considerable speeds. That is to say, the fibrous slurry is continuously deposited onto the forming fabric in the forming section, while a newly manufactured paper sheet is continuously wound onto rolls after it exits from the dryer section.
The present invention relates specifically to the press fabrics used in the press section. Press fabrics play a critical role during the paper manufacturing process. One of their functions, as implied above, is to support and to carry the paper product being manufactured through the press nips.
Press fabrics also participate in the finishing of the surface of the paper sheet. That is, press fabrics are designed to have smooth surfaces and uniformly resilient structures, so that, in the course of passing through the press nips, a smooth, mark-free surface is imparted to the paper.
Perhaps most importantly, the press fabrics accept the large quantities of water extracted from the wet paper in the press nip. In order to fill this function, there literally must be space, commonly referred to as void volume, within the press fabric for the water to go, and the fabric must have adequate permeability to water for its entire useful life. Finally, press fabrics must be able to prevent the water accepted from the wet paper from returning to and rewetting the paper upon exit from the press nip.
Contemporary press fabrics are produced in a wide variety of styles designed to meet the requirements of the paper machines on which they are installed for the paper grades being manufactured. Generally, they comprise a woven base fabric into which has been needled a batt of fine, nonwoven fibrous material. The base fabrics may be woven from monofilament, plied monofilament, multifilament or plied multfilament yarns, and may be single-layered, multi-layered or laminated. The yarns are typically extruded from any one of the synthetic polymeric resins, such as polyamide and polyester resins, used for this purpose by those of ordinary skill in the paper machine clothing arts.
The woven base fabrics themselves take many different forms. For example, they may be woven endless, or flat woven and subsequently rendered into endless form with a woven seam. Alternatively, they may be produced by a process commonly known as modified endless weaving, wherein the widthwise edges of the base fabric are provided with seaming loops using the machine-direction (MD) yarns thereof. In this process, the MD yarns weave continuously back-and-forth between the widthwise edges of the fabric, at each edge turning back and forming a seaming loop. A base fabric produced in this fashion is placed into endless form during installation on a papermachine, and for this reason is referred to as an on-machine-seamable fabric. To place such a fabric into endless form, the two widthwise edges are brought together, the seaming loops at the two edges are interdigitated with one another, and a seaming pin or pintle is directed through the passage formed by the interdigitated seaming loops.
Further, the woven base fabrics may be laminated by placing one base fabric within the endless loop formed by another, and by needling a staple fiber batt through both base fabrics to join them to one another. One or both woven base fabrics may be of the on-machine-seamable type.
When the paper sheet together with one or several press fabrics is carried into the press nip, the water from the paper sheet is forced into the press fabrics surface batt, and continues through the fabric into the void volume of the base fabric. Some water is displaced through the backside of the press fabric into the void on the surface of a press roll. Some water also flows forwards or backwards in the lengthwise direction (machine direction or MD) inside the press fabric. The relationship between these flow directions depends e.g. on the speed of the machine and on the design of the fabric and its ability to handle the water removed from the sheet.
Several theories have been put forward about what occurs in the paper sheet and press fabric as they pass together through the press nip. The exerted nip pressure is the same for both paper sheet and press fabric, while on the other hand the hydrodynamic pressure is considerably higher in the sheet than in the press fabric. This pressure difference provides the driving force for the transportation of the water from the sheet to and through the press fabric.
The minimum thickness of the sheet and the press fabric probably occurs at the same time and near mid nip. The sheet is considered to reach its maximum dry content at the very same moment. After that, the expansion is beginning in the sheet as well as in the press fabric. During this expansion a vacuum is created in the paper sheet and in the surface layer of the press fabric, both of which have been compressed to a minimum thickness. Available water is flowing back from the inside and base layers of the press fabric to the surface layer of the press fabric and further into the sheet to re-establish the pressure balance. This phase provides the driving force for the rewetting phenomenon of the paper sheet.
In the prior art press fabric constructions it is common practice to form the press fabric with a considerably denser surface layer facing the paper web relative to the backside structure and it has not been unusual to use lengthwise oriented batt fiber on the paper sheet surface of the press fabric. Considerable water still remains within the press fabric and can be reabsorbed back into the wet paper sheet as the mechanical pressure on the sheet/press fabric lessens after mid-nip. As the sheet and press fabric expand (regain thickness), a vacuum is created in both the press fabric and paper sheet. This vacuum will be larger in the paper sheet than in the press fabric creating a two phase flow of air and water into the press fabric and from the press fabric into the paper sheet. At this stage, there are three possible mechanisms that can contribute to rewetting: the pressure differential created between the press fabric and paper sheet due to expansion; film splitting produced when the paper sheet and press fabric separate outside the press nip exit; and capillary transfer
Albany International Corp.
Cole Elizabeth M.
Frommer & Lawrence & Haug LLP
Santucci Ronald R.
Wachtel Alexis
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