Chemistry: electrical and wave energy – Processes and products – Processes of treating materials by wave energy
Reexamination Certificate
1999-04-13
2002-06-25
Wong, Edna (Department: 1741)
Chemistry: electrical and wave energy
Processes and products
Processes of treating materials by wave energy
C204S157300, C204S157400, C204S157430
Reexamination Certificate
active
06409889
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention is directed generally to improvement of environmental protection, materials recovering, recycling, and resource conservation, using a novel procedure and method for the removal and recovery of inorganic pollutant materials from waste water sources of aqueous solutions and/or from waste gases and/or suspension particles sources.
Waste pollutant materials treatment procedures and processes have been and continue to be a matter of great importance for environmental protection and for resources conservation. Many industrial and commercial processes generate substantial quantities of waste water, waste gases and waste suspension particles, much of which are contaminated with toxic metal elements and/or ions such as heavy metals (e.g., lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, chromium, etc.,), compounds with toxic elements, dissolved inorganic elements (e.g., calcium, sodium, sulfates, phosphates, etc.), primary air pollutant gases (e.g., nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon disulfide, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, etc.,), and aerosols and/or suspension particles (e.g., hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acid aerosols and metal oxide particles).
The most pollutant industrial and commercial processing plants include electronic, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgical, chemical, textile, pharmaceutical, pigments and dyes, construction materials, nuclear, food, etc. Most pollutants of above industries cannot be discharged into environment without endangering the biological and environment health. In many urban areas throughout the world industrial born air and water pollution reach and exceed toxic level thresholds. For example, in the United States, the Great Lakes Basin has on of the largest population density in the U.S., and is one of the world's largest pollutant area. This basin, bordered by Northeast of U.S. and by Southeast of Canada, with the world's largest fresh water reservoir, is one of the most affected by man's activities. As existing pilot watershed studies show, some of the most pollutant sources in the Grate Lakes Basin are due to urban industrial and commercial activities. Addressing this issue is therefore increasingly important. Also, the recovery of valuable materials by large industries is becoming one of the resource conservation priorities.
An important requirement of water and air quality management and of the man's life is to prevent the rivers water and lakes water pollution with polluted liquids of industrial waste and to disperse in air industrial gaseous pollutants. Thus, it is fundamental that the removal and recovery of industrial pollutants are made simultaneously or successively in their own industry origin, in small or large treatment facilities, before the waste polluted liquids are discharged in rivers, lakes and seas. The waste water and air quality criteria and requirements not only depend on the specific industry, but also on the feed water quality and on the environmental biology and therefore the methods for waste water and waste gaseous materials treatment. Therefore, the treatment methods of pollutant waste suspension particles in water and air are very diversified.
Many physical, chemical, physicochemical, biological technologies and combination of them are well known in the art, and a large number of processes and technologies have been applied quite successfully for the treatment of waste waters and waste gases, and waste suspension particles and for other environment related applications. The waste water and waste air pollutants removal and recovery treatment procedures, processes, methods and apparatuses are described in literature in many books, monographs, and papers, as for example:
Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering
, Prentice Hall, 1988, by Richard C. Flagan, John H. Seinfeld.
Water Treatment Handbook, Degremont
—Societe Generale d'Epuration et d'Assainissment, France, 1973.
Waste Water Treatment Technology
, Ann Arbor Science Publishing Inc., 1975, by James W. Patterson.
Air Pollution Control and Design Handbook
, Marcel Decker, Inc., vol. 1 and vol. 2, 1977, by Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Richard A. Young.
The Solubility of Nonelectrolytes
, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1964, by Joel H. Hildebrand and Robert L. Scott.
Crystallization as a Separations Process
, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1990, by Allan S. Myerson and Ken Toyokura.
Technologies for Small Water and Waste Water Systems
, (Environmental Engineering Series), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991, by Edward J. Martin, Edward T, Martin.
Pollution Prevention In Industrial Processes
, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1992, by Joseph J. Breen and Michael J. Delarco.
Data for Radioactive Waste Management and Nuclear Applications
, John Wiley & Co., 1985, by Donald C. Stewart.
Industrial Water and Waste Water Systems
, Publishing House Stroyizdat, Moscow (Russian), 1990, by S. V. Yakovlev, Ya. A Karelin, Yu. V. Voronov.
Environmental Strategy for The Great Lakes System
—Final Report to The International Joint Commission from International Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution, 1978.
Physicochemical Methods for Water and Water Treatment
, Pergamon Press, 1980, by Lucjan Pawlowski.
Kinetic of Metal Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
(
Models, Algorithms, and Applications
), by Sotira Yiacoumi and Chi Tien, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1995.
Poisoning and Promotion in Catalysis Based on Surface Science Concepts and Experiments
, by M. P. Kiskinova, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1992.
Separation and Purification by Crystallization
, by Gregory D. Botsaris and Ken Toyokura, ACS Symposium Series 667, Washington, D.C. 1997.
Various fundamental,and practical aspects of the relevant pollutant waste inorganic sources treatment processes, including physicochemical phase transition processes as well as different procedures, methods and apparatuses implied in our patent description are also described in the above listed sources. These data are also applicable to waste organic pollutant of chemical elements treatment, e.g., removal and/or recovery of pollutants molecules and systems which have permanent or temporary dipole momentum.
There are many waste water and waste air pollutants treatment processes in use today, e.g., ion exchange, coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation, chemical precipitation (e.g., sulfide precipitation, hydroxide precipitation, etc.,), chemical oxidation/reduction, filtration, activated chemical absorption, to name just a few, and in consequence, a large variety of methods and apparatuses have been developed. All of these processes have advantages that may recommend them for particular applications, and disadvantages that preclude their use for other applications. For the sake of clarity we are only giving here a few examples.
Ion exchange methods are useful where decontamination and recovery of precious metals is desirable. However, ion exchange resins are expensive, and ion exchange methods cannot ordinarily be used effectively for solutions containing high concentrations of ancillary salts.
Hydroxide precipitation is inexpensive and effective to precipitate metals having insoluble hydroxides which are not dissoluted in excess alkali. However, alkali hydroxide is poisonous and corrosive and the excess hydroxide must be neutralized with acid before the treated waste water can be returned to the environment.
Sulfide precipitation can be used effectively to precipitate contaminated metals which form insoluble sulfides (U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,224). However, soluble sulfides from toxic liquids can release one of the most toxic and unpleasant gases on exposure to acids. Thus, any process using compressed hydrogen sulfide, or soluble sulfide, is inherently dangerous. The method for reducing the concentration and for recovering of any undesirable metals dissolved in contaminated waste water is less dangerous using the sulfite process (U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,611) than with the sulfide process. Of course, the pollutant metals removed from solution by t
Faur Horia M.
Faur Maria
Faur Mircea
Special Materials Research and Technology, Inc.
Tran Thao
Wong Edna
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