Pyrrolecarbonylimino derivatives as naaladase inhibitors

Details Pyrrolecarbonylimino derivatives as naaladase inhibitors Pyrrolecarbonylimino derivatives as naaladase inhibitors

1999-11-12

2002-02-19

Criares, Theodore J. (Department: 1617)

Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions

Designated organic active ingredient containing

Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...

C514S422000, C514S423000, C514S385000, C514S388000, C514S396000, C514S401000, C514S402000, C514S255030, C514S256000, C514S260100, C514S272000, C514S588000, C514S595000, C514S597000, C514S249000, C514S252010

Reexamination Certificate

active

06348464

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for effecting neuronal activities, inhibiting angiogenesis and treating glutamate abnormalities, compulsive disorders, prostate diseases and cancers using pyrrolecarbonylimino derivatives as N-acetylated &agr;-linked Acidic Dipeptidase (NAALADase) enzyme inhibitors.
The NAALADase enzyme, also known as prostate specific membrane antigen (PSM or PSMA) and human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II), catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neuropeptide N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (“NAAG”) to N-acetyl-aspartate (“NAA”) and glutamate. Based upon amino acid sequence homology, NAALADase has been assigned to the M28 family of peptidases. There is, as yet, no crystallographic evidence of the structure of the NAALADase enzyme.
Recent studies have implicated NAALADase in the pathogenesis of glutamate-mediated disorders. Neuropathological studies on post-mortem tissue from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) indicate large decreases of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) tissue concentrations occurring in association with neuronal degeneration, and increases of NAA and NAAG in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from patients with ALS. Concordantly, abnormal NAAG levels and NAALADase activity have also been observed in post-mortem prefrontal and limbic brain tissue of schizophrenic patients. Autopsy studies also suggest a strong correlation between NAAG/NAA and Alzheimer's disease. In post-mortem brain tissue, NAA and NAAG levels were found to be selectively decreased in brain areas (hippocampus and amygdala) affected by Alzheimer's disease pathology.
Glutamate serves as the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons release glutamate in greater quantities when they are deprived of oxygen, as may occur during an ischemic brain insult such as a stroke or a heart attack. This excess release of glutamate in turn causes over-stimulation (excitotoxicity) of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA, Kainate, MGR and MGluR receptors. When glutamate binds to these receptors, ion channels in the receptors open, permitting flows of ions across their cell membranes, e.g., Ca
2+
and Na
+
into the cells and K
+
out of the cells. These flows of ions, especially the influx of Ca
2+
, cause over-stimulation of the neurons. The over-stimulated neurons secrete more glutamate, creating a feedback amplification effect which is believed to ultimately result in cell death via the production of proteases, lipases, and free radicals.
Excessive activation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in various neurological diseases and conditions (for example, spinal cord injury, epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's Disease, schizophrenia, acute and chronic pain, ischemia and neuronal loss following hypoxia, hypoglycemia, ischemia, trauma, nervous insult, compulsive disorders (particularly drug and alcohol dependence), demyelinating diseases, peripheral neuropathies, and diabetic neuropathy), as well as in the generation of long-term potentiation, which is regarded as an electrophysiological manifestation of learning and memory. Specifically, the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor appears to be involved in learning processes because the NMDA antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5) selectively impairs learning and blocks long-term potentiation in rats. It has thus been proposed that deterioration in glutamatergic systems accounts for impairment in cognitive function observed in aged animals or in Alzheimer's disease.
In particular, glutamatergic abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia. For example, phencyclidine (PCP) and other antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors induce psychotomimetic properties in healthy individuals and exacerbate preexisting symptoms of schizophrenia, suggesting that a depression of glutamate transmission contributes to schizophrenia. Additionally, it has been reported that antagonists of non-NMDA receptors or pretreatments that attenuate glutamate release reduce mnemonic and other behavioral effects of NMDA receptor antagonists. Studies have also shown that stimulation of certain subtypes of mGlu receptors mediates presynaptic depression and decreases evoke release of glutamate.
Recent studies have also advanced a glutamatergic basis for compulsive disorders, particularly drug dependence. For example, neurophysiological and pathological effects of ethanol have been found to be mediated through the glutamatergic system. Specifically, acute exposure to ethanol disrupts glutamatergic neurotransmission by inhibiting ion flow through channels in glutamate receptors, whereas chronic exposure up-regulates the number of glutamate receptors and thereby increases ion flow. Acute withdrawal from ethanol results in hyperexcitability and seizures in the presence of up-regulated channels, thereby making postsynaptic neurons vulnerable to excitotoxic damage.
Post mortem examinations of histologically normal brains from alcoholics have shown that chronic alcoholism moderately increases the density of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors in the frontal cortex. This up-regulation may represent a stage of ethanol-induced chronic neurotoxicity. As such, neurobiological effects of alcoholism, including intoxication, withdrawal seizures, delirium tremens, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome, can be understood as a spectrum of the consequences of ethanol's effect on the glutamatergic system. In this regard, alcoholism may be considered another member of the expanding family of glutamate-related neurological disorders.
The glutamatergic system has also been implicated in the behavioral effects of other abused drugs. For example, studies have shown that glutamatergic antagonists block motor-stimulating activities induced by amphetamine and cocaine, and glutamatergic agonists cause the same stereotypy as that produced by amphetamine. These results represent pharmacological evidence that the expression of the stereotypic effect of psychomotor stimulants involves the glutamatergic system.
Epidemiologic studies have revealed a strong correlation between drug dependence and other compulsive disorders. Additionally, a common genetic anomaly has been found among people with alcoholism, cocaine dependence, nicotine dependence, pathological gambling, attention deficit disorder (ADD), Tourette's syndrome, compulsive overeating and obesity. Such disorders are believed to be manifestations of the effects of excitotoxicity.
Ischemic injury may occur as a focal or global disruption of blood supply. Following ischemic insult, widespread neuronal depolarization occurs. Depolarization stimulates release of the stored neurotransmitter glutamate and results in impaired capacity of glutamate uptake mechanisms. Impaired glutamate uptake and enhanced glutamate release contribute to sustained elevation of extracellular glutamate in ischemic tissue, and may result in tissue damage. As more damage occurs, more glutamate may be released. Although not limited to any particular theory, it is believed that by interfering with or eliminating this cascade of glutamate toxicity, the compositions and methods of the present convention may be clinically useful in curbing the progression of ischemic injury.
Afferent pain fibers of the A-&dgr; and C types have their primary cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia; central extensions of these nerve cells project, via the dorsal root, to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or to the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve; the peripheral terminations of these primary pain receptors are the branch nerve endings in the skin and other organs. Excitatory amino acids, including glutamate, and ATP are putative neurotransmitters at the dorsal horn terminus of primary A-&dgr; fibers. The conscious awareness or perception of pain occurs only when the pain impulses actually re

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