Cryptography – Video cryptography – Video electric signal modification
Reexamination Certificate
2001-02-23
2002-09-10
Gregory, Bernarr E. (Department: 2161)
Cryptography
Video cryptography
Video electric signal modification
C380S205000, C380S210000, C380S221000, C380S227000, C380S231000, C713S176000, C713S189000, C713S193000, C713S152000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06449367
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present inventions relate generally to computer security, and more particularly to steganographic techniques for hiding or encoding electronic control information within an information signal carried by an insecure communications channel. Still more particularly, the present inventions relate to systems, methods and techniques that substantially invisibly and/or indelibly convey, over analog or other insecure communications channels, digital rights management control information for use within a virtual distribution environment electronic rights management system.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The world is becoming digital. Digital signals are everywhere—in our computers, television sets, VCRs, home stereos, and CD players. Digital processing—which operates on information “bits” (numerical “on” or “off” values)—provides a degree of precision and protection from noise that cannot be matched by the older, “analog” formats we have used since the beginning of the electronic age.
Despite the clear advantage of digital communications, the older “analog” domain remains significant. Many of our most important information delivery mechanisms continue to be based on analog—not digital—signaling. In fact, most of our electronic entertainment, news, sports and music program material comes to us in the form of analog signals. For example:
Television remains largely analog. Although the distribution of television programming to local cable systems is increasingly digital and most modem television sets include digital signal processing circuits, the local cable television “head end” continues to send television signals to the subscriber's set top box and television in analog—not digital—form. It will cost a great deal to convert local cable distribution from analog to digital. In the United States, for example, the widespread conversion from analog to digital television is projected to take no less than 15 years and perhaps even longer.
In radio broadcasting, too, analog communication continues to reign supreme. Thousands of radio stations broadcast music, news and other programs every day in analog form. Except for a few experimental digital systems, practically all radio broadcasting is carried over analog communications channels.
The movies and videos we rent at the local video tape rental store are analog.
Commercially available music tape cassettes are recorded in analog formats.
Moreover, the “real world” is analog. Everything digital must ultimately be turned into something analog if we are to experience it; and conversely, everything analog must be turned into something digital if the power of modern digital technology will be used to handle it. Modem digital technology also allows people to get better quality for less money.
Despite the pervasiveness of analog signals, existing methods for managing rights and protecting copyright in the analog realm are primitive or non-existent. For example:
Quality degradation inherent in multigenerational analog copying has not prevented a multi-billion dollar pirating industry from flourishing.
Some methods for video tape copy and pay per view protection attempt to prevent any copying at all of commercially released content, or allow only one generation of copying. These methods can generally be easily circumvented.
Not all existing devices respond appropriately to copy protection signals.
Existing schemes are limited for example to “copy
o copy” controls.
Copy protection for sound recordings has not been commercially implemented.
A related problem relates to the conversion of information between the analog and digital domains. Even if information is effectively protected and controlled initially using strong digital rights management techniques, an analog copy of the same information may no longer be securely protected.
For example, it is generally possible for someone to make an analog recording of program material initially delivered in digital form. Some analog recordings based on digital originals are of quite good quality. For example, a Digital Versatile Disk (“DVD”) player may convert a movie from digital to analog format and provide the analog signal to a high quality analog home VCR. The home VCR records the analog signal. A consumer now has a high quality analog copy of the original digital property. A person could re-record the analog signal on a DVD-R (a Digital Versatile Disk appliance and media supporting both read and write operations). This recording will in many circumstances have substantial quality—and would no longer be subject to “pay per view” or other digital rights management controls associated with the digital form of the same content.
Since analog formats will be with us for a long time to come, rightsholders such as film studios, video rental and distribution companies, music studios and distributors, and other value chain participants would very much like to have significantly better rights management capabilities for analog film, video, sound recordings and other content. Solving this problem generally requires a way to securely associate rights management information with the content being protected.
People have for many years been using various techniques allowing digital information to, in effect, ride “piggyback” on analog information signals. For example, since the 1960s, it has been common to digitally encode text information such as subtitles into otherwise unused portions of analog television signals (e.g., within the so-called “Vertical Blanking Interval”).
Unfortunately, sending digital information using such known digital encoding techniques is problematic because the digital information is not persistent. It is relatively easy to strip out or eliminate digital information encoded using prior techniques commonly employed for superimposing digital signals onto an analog information signal. Analog communications channels may commonly be subjected to various signal processing that may (intentionally or unintentionally) strip out digital information added to the analog signal—defeating any downstream system, process or technique that depends on the presence and readability of the digital information. For example, the television vertical blanking signal—along with any signal components disposed within the vertical blanking interval—is typically routinely eliminated whenever a video signal is processed by a computer.
Attempting to use insecure techniques for providing rights management is at best ineffective, and can be worse than no rights management at all. Unscrupulous people can strip out insecure control information altogether so that the corresponding information signal is subject to no controls at all—for example, defeating copy protection mechanisms and allowing users to avoid paying for rights usage. More nefariously, an unscrupulous person could alter an insecure system by substituting false control information in place of the proper information. Such substitutions could, for example, divert payments to someone other than legitimate rights holders—facilitating electronic fraud and theft.
Prior, insecure techniques fail to solve the overall problem of how to provide and securely manage advanced automatic electronic rights management for analog and other information signals conveyed over an insecure communications channel. The lack of strong rights management for analog signals creates a huge gap in any comprehensive electronic rights management strategy, and makes it possible for consumers and others to circumvent—to at least some extent—even the strongest digital rights management technologies. Consequently, there is a real need to seamlessly integrate analog delivery models with modern electronic digital rights management techniques.
The present inventions solve these and other problems by providing “end to end” secure rights management protection allowing content providers and rights holders to be sure their content will be adequately protected—irrespective of the types of devices, signaling formats and nature of signal processing within the content distr
Van Wie David M.
Weber Robert P.
Finnegan Henderson Farabow Garrett & Dunner L.L.P.
Gregory Bernarr E.
InterTrust Technologies Corp.
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