Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Having -c- – wherein x is chalcogen – bonded directly to...
Reexamination Certificate
1999-02-26
2001-02-27
Huang, Evelyn Mei (Department: 1612)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Having -c-, wherein x is chalcogen, bonded directly to...
C514S275000, C514S256000, C514S310000, C514S312000, C544S328000, C544S331000, C546S156000, C546S183000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06194427
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to certain substituted cycloalkyl-4-oxonicotinic carboxamides. In particular it relates to such compounds that selectively bind to GABAa receptors. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. It further relates to the use of such compounds in treating anxiety, sleep and seizure disorders, and overdoses of benzodiazepine-type drugs, and enhancing alertness.
2. Description of the Related Art
&ggr;-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is regarded as one of the major inhibitory amino acid transmitters in the mammalian brain. Over 40 years have elapsed since its presence in the brain was demonstrated (Roberts & Frankel, J. Biol. Chem 187: 55-63, 1950; Udenfriend, J. Biol. Chem. 187: 65-69, 1950). Since that time, an enormous amount of effort has been devoted to implicating GABA in the etiology of seizure disorders, sleep, anxiety and cognition (Tallman and Gallager, Ann. Rev. Neuroscience 8: 21-44, 1985). Widely, although unequally, distributed through the mammalian brain, GABA is said to be a transmitter at approximately 30% of the synapses in the brain. GABA mediates many of its actions through a complex of proteins localized both on cell bodies and nerve endings; these are called GABAa receptors. Postsynaptic responses to GABA are mediated through alterations in chloride conductance that generally, although not invariably, lead to hyperpolarization of the cell. Recent investigations have indicated that the complex of proteins associated with postsynaptic GABA responses is a major site of action for a number of structurally unrelated compounds capable of modifying postsynaptic responses to GABA. Drugs that interact at the GABAa receptor can possess a spectrum of pharmacological activities depending on their abilities to modify the actions of GABA.
1,4-Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, flurazepam, and triazolam continue to be among the most widely used as anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants. A number of these compounds are extremely potent drugs; such potency indicates a site of action with a high affinity and specificity for individual receptors. Early electrophysiological studies indicated that a major action of benzodiazepines was enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Presently, those compounds possessing activity which enhance the effect of GABA are called agonists, those compounds which decrease the effect of GABA are called inverse agonists, and those compounds which block the effect of GABA are called antagonists.
The GABAa receptor subunits have been cloned from bovine and human cDNA libraries (Schoenfield et al., 1988; Duman et al., 1989). A number of distinct cDNAs were identified as subunits of the GABAa receptor complex by cloning and expression. These are categorized into &agr;, &bgr;, &ggr;, &dgr;, &egr;, and provide a molecular basis for the GABAa receptor heterogeneity and distinctive regional pharmacology (Shivvers et al., 1980; Levitan et al., 1989). The &ggr; subunit appears to enable drugs like benzodiazepines to modify the GABA responses (Pritchett et al., 1989). The presence of low Hill coefficients in the binding of ligands to the GABAa receptor indicates unique profiles of subtype specific pharmacological action.
With the discovery of the “receptor” for the benzodiazepines and the subsequent definition of the nature of the interaction between GABA and the benzodiazepines, it appears that the behaviorally important interactions of the benzodiazepines with different neurotransmitter systems are due in a large part to the enhanced ability of GABA itself to modify these systems. Each modified system, in turn, may be associated with the expression of a behavior. Depending on the mode of interaction, these compounds are capable of producing a spectrum of activities (either sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant, or wakefulness, seizures, and anxiety).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides novel compounds of Formula I which interact with a GABAa binding site, the benzodiazepine receptor.
The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula I. The invention also provides compounds useful in the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety, sleep, and seizure disorders, overdose with benzodiazepine drugs and for enhancement of memory. Accordingly, a broad embodiment of the invention is directed to compounds of Formula I:
wherein:
the C ring represents a carbocyclic group having from 5-7 members, where any member of the carbocyclic group is optionally mono-, di-, or trisubstituted with lower alkyl, C
1
-C
6
alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, amino, mono- or di (C
1
-C
6
)alkylamino, or trifluoromethyl;
X is hydrogen, hydroxy, or lower alkyl; and
W is lower alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino, or mono- or dialkyl amino where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl; or
W is aryl, arylalkyl, or heteroaryl, where each aryl is optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl, mono- or dialkylaminoalkyl where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl, or NR
1
COR
2
, COR
2
, CONR
1
R
2
or C
02
R
2
where R
1
and R
2
are the same or different and represent hydrogen or lower alkyl, or NR
1
R
2
form a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring having one ring member optionally replaced with oxygen or nitrogen.
These compounds are highly selective agonists, antagonists or inverse agonists for GABAa brain receptors or prodrugs of agonists, antagonists or inverse agonists for GABAa brain receptors. These compounds are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety, sleep and seizure disorders, overdose with benzodiazepine drugs and for enhancement of memory.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The novel compounds encompassed by the instant invention can be described by general Formula I set forth above or the pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic salts thereof.
In addition, the present invention also encompasses compounds of Formula II:
wherein:
R
a
is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C
1
-C
6
, alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, amino, mono- or di(C
1
-C
6
)alkylamino, or trifluoromethyl;
R
b
is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C
1
-C
6
alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, amino, mono- or di(C
1
-C
6
)alkylamino, or trifluoromethyl;
n is an integer from 1-3; and
X is hydrogen or C
1
-C
6
alkyl;
W is lower alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino, or mono- or dialkyl amino where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl; or
W is aryl, arylalkyl, or heteroaryl, where each aryl is optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, amino, mono or dialkylamino where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, preferably methylaminoalkyl, where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl, or NR
1
COR
2
, COR
2
, CONR
1
R
2
or CO
2
R
2
where R
1
and R
2
are the same or different and represent hydrogen or lower alkyl.
Preferred compounds of Formula II are where W is an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, or heteroaryl. Other preferred compounds of II are those where only one of R
a
and R
b
may be non-hydrogen substituents; preferably the R
a
and R
b
groups are independently C
1
-C
2
alkyl, or more preferably, hydrogen. Still other preferred compounds of Formula II are those where X is C
1
-C
6
alkyl or hydrogen, preferably hydrogen.
More preferred compounds of Formula II are where W is phenyl, benzyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, or pyridyl each of which is optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, amino, mono or dialkylamino where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl, methylaminoalkyl where each alkyl portion is lower alkyl, or NR
1
COR
2
, COR
2
, CONR
1
R
2
or CO
2
R
2
where R
1
and R
2
are the same or different and represent hydrogen or lower alkyl.
Even more pre
DeSimone Robert W.
Rosewater Daniel L.
Huang Evelyn Mei
McDonnell & Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff
Neurogen Corporation
Sarussi Steven J.
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