Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Silicon containing
Reexamination Certificate
1999-08-20
2001-09-11
Moore, Margaret G. (Department: 1712)
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Silicon containing
C556S483000, C423S325000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06288257
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for making tetraorganooxysilanes. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process involving the reaction of a natural silicon dioxide source in the presence of an organo carbonate.
Tetraorganooxysilanes are silicon-containing compounds of the formula (RO)
4
Si where R is an alkyl group, aryl group or mixture thereof. Tetraorganooxysilanes include tetraalkoxysilanes, tetraaryloxysilanes, and mixed tetra(alkoxyaryloxy)silanes. Silicon-containing compounds, such as tetraorganooxysilanes, are commonly made using manufactured silicon dioxide as a starting material. Unfortunately, manufactured silicon dioxide is not an energy efficient source of silicon. Hence, different sources of silicon to synthesize silicon-containing compounds are constantly being examined.
The process commonly used commercially for the production of silicones and more particularly, alkoxysilanes, was first described by Rochow et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,473,260. The Rochow process uses silicon, also referred to as elemental silicon, as a starting material. The elemental silicon must first be reduced from silicon dioxide. The elemental silicon is then oxidized to yield alkoxysilanes via a reaction of the silicon with methanol in the presence of a copper catalyst. It is well known in the art that the silicon-oxygen bond in silicon dioxide is extremely stable. In order to break the silicon-oxygen bond, a large amount of energy is consumed when silicon dioxide is reduced to elemental silicon. Thus, due to the large amount of energy needed to break the silicon-oxygen bond, the synthesis of silicones from silicon dioxide and the Rochow process is expensive and not energy efficient.
In other work related to the invention, several complex compounds have been studied for the synthesis of silicon-containing compounds. Rosenheim et al. (
Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem.
1931, 196, 160) described the formation of hexacoordinated dianionic complexes from silica under basic conditions. Silica, sand and quartz powder were depolymerized in the presence of alkali catecholates.
Other methods for the synthesis of silicon-containing compounds have been described which do not use silicon dioxide as a starting material. Laine et al. (
Nature
1991, 353, 642) published a method for synthesizing pentatcoordinate silicates from silica, ethylene glycol, and base. The pentacoordinate silicate produced is a highly reactive compound which can be a useful precursor of new silicone compounds.
Ono, Akiyama and Suzuki (
Chem. Mater.
1993, 5, 442) reported that silica gel reacts with gaseous dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at 500° K. to 600° K. to yield tetramethoxysilane in the presence of a catalyst supported on the silica. Ono et al. (
Inorg. Chim. Acta
1993, 207, 259) also determined that rice hull ash, which has 92% silicon dioxide purity, also reacts with dimethyl carbonate in the presence of a catalyst at 625° K. However, silica gel as well as rice hull ash are manufactured materials and do not provide significant cost advantage over the well-established route to tetraalkoxysilanes through elemental silicon.
In the past, the synthesis of silicon-containing compounds has relied heavily on the reduction of silicon dioxide to elemental silicon. Unfortunately, the large amount of energy needed for synthesizing silicones such as tetraorganooxysilanes from silicon dioxide can be problematic. Thus, new synthetic routes are constantly being sought which rely on an efficient energy source of silicon dioxide.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method for the preparation of tetraorganooxysilanes comprising reaction of a natural silicon dioxide source with an organo carbonate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process involving the reaction of a natural silicon dioxide source with an organo carbonate. Organo carbonates are of the general formula, R
2
CO
3
where R is an alkyl group, aryl group or mixture thereof. Natural silicon dioxide sources have been found to be energy efficient and cost effective starting materials for the formation of tetraorganooxysilanes. Silicon dioxide comprises one atom of silicon and two atoms of oxygen. “Source” as used herein refers to the material which provides the silicon necessary to synthesize tetraorganooxysilanes. “Natural silicon dioxide” as used herein refers to naturally occurring silicon dioxide which is found in non-living matter in the earth. Natural silicon dioxide is typically mined and dried. Natural silicon dioxide can also be calcined or flux calcined. Natural silicon dioxide sources are well known in the art and are illustrated by minerals and diatomaceous earth. Typical minerals include, for example, neosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, and tectosilicates.
Tetraorganooxysilanes are of the formula (RO)
4
Si where R is an alkyl group, aryl group, or mixture thereof. Typical tetraorganooxysilane products include tetraalkoxysilanes such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and tetraisopropoxysilane; tetraaryloxysilanes such as tetraphenoxysilane; as well as mixed tetra(alkoxyaryloxy)silanes such as dimethoxydiphenoxysilane.
Diatomaceous earth is a common source for natural silicon dioxide. Diatomaceous earth (DE) refers to sedimentary rocks that are mainly composed of fossilized single-celled diatoms. Diatoms are minute organisms which are abundant in both freshwater and seawater. These organisms fossilize to form diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous earth is generally composed of amorphous silicon dioxide. “Amorphous” as used herein reters to a mineral or diatomaceous earth that does not have a definite crystalline structure.
The method for synthesizing tetraorganooxysilanes and in particular, tetramethoxysilane [Si(OMe)
4
], begins with the treatment of the diatomaceous earth. The diatomaceous earth provides the silicon backbone for the tetraorganooxysilane. Initially, the diatomaceous earth is combined with a catalyst by stirring in an aqueous solution. Useful catalysts comprise at least one alkali metal hydroxide and alternatively, at least one alkali metal halide and combinations thereof. Examples of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal halides include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, cesium fluoride, potassium fluoride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and combinations thereof. The step of stirring the diatomaceous earth in the aqueous solution with the catalyst typically breaks up the diatomaceous earth to force a suspension. “Suspension” as used herein refers to undissolved solid particulates mixed in a liquid. At least portions of the catalyst chemically binds to the silicon dioxide. After the diatomaceous earth and catalyst are mixed in an aqueous solution, the material is then heated to dryness and ground into a powder of diatomaceous earth-catalyst complex. “Dryness” as used herein refers to a water content of less than about 1% by weight.
The next step in the method of the present invention is the reaction of the diatomaceous earth-catalyst complex with an organo carbonate. The reaction commonly can be practiced in a fixed bed reactor. The method for preparation of tetraorganooxysilanes, however, can be performed in other types of reactors, such as fluid bed reactors and stirred bed reactors. More specifically, the fixed bed reactor is a column that contains diatomaceous earth-catalyst complex wherein a carrier gas, such as an inert gas, is passed through. Organo carbonate is fed into the carrier gas stream. A stirred bed is similar to a fixed bed in which there is mechanical agitation of some sort in order to keep the bed in constant motion. A fluidized bed reactor, on the other hand, is a bed comprising diatomaceous earth-catalyst complex which is fluidized; that is the diatomaceous earth complex is suspended in the gas, typically argon, that is passed through the reactor. Reaction typically occurs at a temperature in a range betwee
Lewis Larry Neil
Schattenmann Florian Johannes
Bennett Bernadette M.
General Electric Company
Johnson Noreen C.
Moore Margaret G.
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