Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Carbohydrates or derivatives
Patent
1991-02-25
1992-07-07
Nutter, Nathan M.
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates or derivatives
527300, 527313, C08L 308, C08K 500, C08K 509
Patent
active
051284618
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW
It is known that films and thermoplastic molded parts can be produced from starch, in particular from the unbranched component of starch, amylose. In addition, it is known that modified starches, in particular special starch ethers, can be used to make films and molded parts which often have improved performance characteristics. Thus, it is possible, for example, to produce more flexible films and molded parts from starch ethers. In this case, solid, isolated starch ethers are used as starting material.
Starch ethers formally are reaction products between hydroxyl groups of the glucose units of starch molecules and alcoholic hydroxyl groups of other compounds. Molded parts made from hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl starch ethers are particularly suited for producing flexible films.
Hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl groups are introduced into the starch molecule by reacting the respective alkylene oxides with starch in aqueous alkali; chlorohydrins, e.g. ethylene chlorohydrin and epichlorohydrin, are also suited. The conditions for producing oxethylated starches are outlined in numerous patent specifications, but exact details are disclosed in very rare cases only.
Introduction of hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl groups into the starch molecule strongly affects the gelling properties of starches. The gels are clearer, and their susceptibility to retrogradation on cooling and aging is much lower than that of the initial starches.
Improvement of flexibility and of the other positive material properties that can be achieved by etherification is proportional to the degree of etherification. It should be noted, however, that the character of starch as a natural substance decreases with increasing etherification.
Another approach to modifying the material properties is to use appropriate additives. The number of additives found to have a positive effect is limited. Polyols such as, for example, glycol and glycerol are preferably used.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the invention is to obtain degradable and environmentally compatible materials of high service value by combining starch etherification with addition of additives. It has been found particularly advantageous to use oxethylated compounds, in particular citric acid, as additives, and high-amylose and amylose starches have been found to be particularly suitable starches
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Surprisingly, it is possible according to the invention, provided that appropriate reaction conditions are maintained, to chemically react mixtures of starch and citric acid with the respective epoxides, in particular ethylene oxide, simultaneously in a "single-batch" reaction, which is advantageous and involves little effort, and thus to obtain basic compounds for producing films and molded parts. In this way, basic compounds can be produced which have good performance characteristics even at a low degree of oxethylation. The low degree of oxethylation also enables particularly high weight percentages of starch and citric acid in the basic compounds to be achieved, and thus products to be made from hardly modified natural substances. Since epoxides are more expensive raw material components than starch and citric acid, the method according to the invention is much superior to the prior art also in this respect.
An additional great advantage is that the properties of the basic compounds and thus of the final products to be produced can be systematically modified by varying the epoxide addition.
Details of the invention are given in the following examples.
These are comparison examples; the reaction has not been optimized.
EXAMPLE 1
Etherification of Amylose and Citric Acid with Ethylene oxide
8.1 g (0.05 M) amylose and 0.96 g (0.005 M) citric acid, dissolved in 5 ml distilled water, are spread by rubbing with 25 ml distilled water, suspended in 200 ml 1-N caustic soda solution, and stirred in an inert gas (nitrogen) atmosphere until complete dissolution. In the course of two hours, 18.5 g (0.42 M) ethylene oxide is introd
REFERENCES:
patent: 3329509 (1967-07-01), Julius
patent: 4112222 (1978-09-01), Jarowenko
"Neue polymere Werlstoffe . . . " J. Folge; Elias, Vohwinkel Carl Hanser Verlag Munhen Wien 1983.
Best Bernd
Frische Rainer
Gross-Lannert Renate
Wollmann Klaus
Battelle-Institut e.V.
Nutter Nathan M.
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