Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving nucleic acid
Patent
1994-08-23
1997-07-15
Jones, W. Gary
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving nucleic acid
536 231, 536 243, 536 232, 536 236, 435 912, C12Q 168, C07H 2102, C07H 2104, C12P 1934
Patent
active
056482108
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This application is a 371 application of PCT/US92 06057 filed Jul. 24, 1992.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Raffinose saccharides are a group of D-galactose-containing oligosaccharide derivatives of sucrose that are widely distributed in plants. Raffinose saccharides are characterized by the general formula: [O-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.6).sub.n -.alpha.-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.2)-.beta.-D-fructofuranoside where n=0 through n=4 are known respectively as sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, verbascose, and ajugose.
Extensive botanical surveys of the occurrence of raffinose saccharides have been reported in the scientific literature [see Dey (1985) in Biochemistry of Storage Carbohydrates in Green Plants, P. M. Dey and R. A. Dixon, Eds. Academic Press, London, pp. 53-129]. Raffinose saccharides are thought to be second only to sucrose among the nonstructural carbohydrates with respect to abundance in the plant kingdom. In fact, raffinose saccharides may be ubiquitous, at least among higher plants. Raffinose saccharides accumulate in significant quantities in the edible portion of many economically-significant crop species. Examples include soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), canola (Brassica sp.) and all of the major edible leguminous crops including beans (Phaseolus sp.), chick pea (Cicer arietinum), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), mung bean (Vigna radiata), peas (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris) and lupine (Lupinus sp.).
Although abundant in many species, raffinose saccharides are an obstacle to the efficient utilization of some economically-important crop species. Raffinose saccharides are not digested directly by animals, primarily because .alpha.-galactosidase is not present in the intestinal mucosa [Gitzelmann et al. (1965) Pediatrics 36:231-236; Rutloff et al. (1967) Nahrung 11:39-46]. However, microflora in the lower gut are readily able to ferment the raffinose saccharides resulting in an acidification of the gut and production of carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen [Murphy et al. (1972) J. Agr. Food. Chem. 20: 813-817; Cristofaro et al. (1974) in Sugars in Nutrition, H. L. Sipple and K. W. McNutt, Eds. Academic Press, New York, Chap. 20, 313-335; Reddy et al. (1980) J. Food Science 45:1161-1164]. The resulting flatulence can severely limit the use of leguminous plants in animal, particularly human, diets. It is unfortunate that the presence of raffinose saccharides restricts the use of legumes in human diets because many of these species are otherwise excellent sources of protein and soluble fiber. Varieties of edible beans free of raffinose saccharides would be more valuable for human diets and would more fully use the desirable nutritional qualities of edible leguminous plants.
Soybean meal is the principal source of protein in animal feed, especially feed for monogastric animals such as poultry and swine. Approximately 28 million metric tons of soybean meal were produced in the U.S. in 1988 [Oil Crops Situation and Outlook Report (April 1989) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service]. Soybean meal is produced by treating soybeans with hexane to remove the oil and then toasting the extracted material to remove the residual solvent. Although the soybean is an excellent source of vegetable protein, there are inefficiencies associated with its use that appear to be due to the presence of raffinose saccharides. Compared to maize, the other primary ingredient in animal diets, gross energy utilization for soybean meal is low [see Potter et al. (1984) in Proceedings World Soybean Conference III, 218-224]. For example, although soybean meal contains approximately 6% more gross energy than ground yellow corn, it has about 40 to 50% less metabolizable energy when fed to chickens. This inefficiency of gross energy utilization does not appear to be due to problems in digestion of the protein fraction of the meal, but rather due to the poor digestion of the carbohydrate portion of the meal. It has been reported that removal of raff
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Becker-Manley Mary F.
Kerr Phillip S.
Pearlstein Richard W.
Pierce John W.
Schweiger Bruce J.
E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company
Jones W. Gary
Rees Dianne
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