Image analysis – Applications
Reexamination Certificate
1998-09-02
2003-05-27
Ahmed, Samir (Department: 2623)
Image analysis
Applications
C725S020000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06570996
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of watermarking an information signal and detecting a watermark.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Watermarks are perceptually invisible messages embedded in information signals such as multimedia material, e.g. audio, still pictures, animations or video. Watermarks can be used to identify the copyright ownership of information. They allow a copyright owner to trace illegal copies of his material by inspecting whether his watermark is present in said copies.
Watermarks are embedded in an information signal by modifying data samples of the signal (e.g. audio samples of an audio signal, pixels of an image, transform coefficients of a transform-coded signal, etc.) such that the original is not perceptibly affected. Various methods of watermarking are known in the art. For example, pixels of an original image are slightly incremented or decremented in accordance with corresponding bits of a binary watermark pattern.
In order to detect whether an information signal has an embedded watermark, the signal is subjected to a statistical analysis. The statistical analysis yields a parameter, hereinafter referred to as “decision variable”, which indicates to which extent the watermark is present in the signal. For example, if an image signal is watermarked by incrementing or decrementing its pixels in accordance with a watermark pattern, the decision variable may be the amount of correlation between the signal and an applied reference copy of the watermark. If an image is watermarked by modifying selected pixels, a prediction for said pixels is calculated from temporally or spatially adjacent pixels. The decision variable may then be the number of pixels being sufficiently different from their prediction.
Watermark detectors generate a binary output signal indicating “watermark found” or “no watermark found”. That is achieved by comparing the decision variable with a predetermined threshold. If the value of the decision variable exceeds the threshold, the watermark is considered to be present in the signal. in which I is the total number of pixels.
The correlation value y is applied to a comparator
23
for comparison with a threshold value Y
thr
. The comparator produces an output D=1 (watermark found) for Y>Y
thr
and an output D=0 (no watermark found) for Y<Y
thr
. The watermark pattern w and the threshold value Y
thr
are carefully chosen to avoid that the detector makes too often a false decision.
FIG. 3
shows a system comprising a watermark embedder and detector in accordance with the invention. The same reference numerals are used for circuit elements which are correspond with elements which are already been shown in FIG.
1
. In this example, the applied watermark w is assumed to have a 16 multi-bit values. Accordingly, the input image is divided into 16 blocks (n=16) by block-division means
11
. By further block-division means
12
, the watermark pattern also is divided into 16 subpatterns. A multi-bit value w
1
. . . w
n
controls whether or not a subpattern is added to the image. This is illustrated in
FIG. 4
in which the blank rectangles indicate that the corresponding image blocks are not watermarked. To compensate for the reduced watermark ‘energy’ caused by not watermarking all image blocks, other blocks are watermarked more intensively, for example by incrementing/decrementing the respective pixels by the value 2 instead of 1 as discussed before.
The watermark detector
2
now comprises partial accumulators
22
.
1
,
22
.
2
. . .
22
.n, one for each multi-bit value of the watermark w. Their outputs are combined in a final adding stage
24
to obtain the decision variable y which is applied to the comparator
23
which produces an output D indication of whether a watermark is or is not present, as described above. The individual outputs of the partial accumulators represent individual correlation values y
1
. . . y
n
. After normalization, they have a value between 0 (no correlation) and 1 (maximum amount of correlation). A subsequent evaluation circuit
25
calculates, for each correlation value, its difference relative to the corresponding one of the multi-bit watermark values to be checked and calculates the
M
=
∑
n
{
w
(
n
)
-
y
(
n
)
}
2
sum of the squares of said differences. For example, if the watermark to be checked is a 4-bits value 1001, and the corresponding correlation values are y
1
=0.8, Y
2
=0.3, Y
3
=0.1 and y
4
=0.6, the evaluation circuit calculates
M
=(0.2)
2
+(0.3)
2
+(0.1)
2
+(0.4)
2
.
The result is an indication of to what extent the detected watermark resembles the given multi-bit value.
In summary, a method and an arrangement for detecting a multi-bit watermark in a signal (e.g. a video image) are disclosed. Each value of the multi-bit watermark values is represented by an embedded watermark subpattern in the signal. Instead of detecting in a conventional
OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a method and arrangement for detecting the presence of a multi-bit watermark value in the signal. It is also an object of the invention to provide a method and arrangement for accommodating such a multi-bit watermark value in images of a video signal.
This is achieved by a method in witch each of said multi-bit watermark values is represented by a respective watermark subpattern. The method comprising the steps of: determining, for each watermark subpattern, a correlation value indicating the extent to which said subpattern is present in the signal; combining said correlation values to detect whether the watermark is present in the signal irrespective of its multi-bit value; and comparing said correlation values and the corresponding bits of an applied multi-bit value to obtain an indication of to which extent the detected watermark has said applied multi-bit value.
The invention is based on the need to embed a multi-bit watermark in a signal. This is achieved by representing each multi-bit value of the watermark by a respective watermark subpattern. A straightforward method of detecting the watermark would include using a conventional watermark detector for each individual bit of the watermark by detecting the presence of the corresponding subpattern. However, as already mentioned above, detecting a watermark is a statistical analysis process which may result in false decisions. The reliability of each individual detection is weak because its signal strength is 1
th (n is the number of bits) of the energy in the full watermark.
The inventors have recognized that is advantageous to detect the presence of the watermark irrespective of its multi-bit value at maximum reliability, and compare the (Hamming) distance between the intermediate results (i.e. the extents to which individual subpatterns are present in the signal) and the multi-bit value which is to be checked. The reliability of the multi-bit detection is now comparable to the reliability of the detection of an entire, full strength watermark.
The invention further provides a method of embedding a multi-bit watermark in a video image by adding a watermark pattern to said image, comprising the steps of: dividing the video image and said watermark pattern into blocks, the blocks of the watermark pattern constituting subpatterns; and representing each bit of the multi-bit value by adding or not adding a subpattern to the corresponding image block.
REFERENCES:
patent: 5915027 (1999-06-01), Cox et al.
patent: 5960081 (1999-09-01), Vynne et al.
Wenjun Zeng and Bede Liu; “On Resolving Rightful Ownerships of Gigital Images by Invisible Watermarks”; IEEE Image Processing; International Conference Proceedings; vol. 1, 1997; pp. 552-555, Jul. 1997.
Ahmed Samir
Belk Michael E.
Koninklijke Philips Electronics , N.V.
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