Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Heavy metal containing
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-13
2001-10-23
Nazario-Gonzalez, Porfirio (Department: 1621)
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Heavy metal containing
C514S494000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06307080
ABSTRACT:
The present invention relates to water-soluble zinc pyruvates and hydrates thereof having a high purity and good storage stability and thermal stability, a process for their preparation and use thereof.
It is known that salts of pyruvic acid, called pyruvates, have valuable physiological, therapeutic and dietary properties. Pyruvates are used to increase stamina and strength in the sports sector, for weight reduction and body fat reduction and as a protective substance for body cells and body tissue, particularly cardiovascular, hepatic, nephrotic, peritoneal and neuronal tissue, and as antioxidant, both as a substance for inhibiting radical formation and also as a radical absorber substance in body cells, body tissues and cells of the synovial tissue, in the health sector and as food supplement agent. In addition, pyruvates are used as wound healing preparations, for treating diabetes because of their action in reducing blood sugar and for treating kidney diseases(acute kidney failure, kidney stones suffering).
Furthermore, it has been known for over 100 years that zinc is an essential trace element for plants, animals and humans. The occurrence of a zinc deficiency in humans has been thought to be improbable for a long time. Therefore, the interest of dietetics in this trace element was initially low. In the 1950s, it was then demonstrated that zinc deficiency can occur in humans with typical symptoms. The research was intensified worldwide as in 1961 the endemic occurrence of hypogonadism and dwarfism in Iran and the Nile delta of Egypt could be refered to a zinc deficiency. Routine analytical measurements in foods and tissue samples contributed to a better understanding of the role of the trace element zinc in biochemical processes. Currently, the clinical symptoms of a severe zinc deficiency are known, but the pathological changes occurring in the zinc deficiency cannot be explained till now.
Zinc is a constituent of metalloenzymes and stabilizes organic structures and membranes. Over 200 different zinc-dependent enzymes have now been identified. Superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase and carboxypeptidase are examples of these. Zinc participates in nucleic acid synthesis, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, bone metabolism, oxygen transport, dark adaptation and the antioxidative protective system of the human body. Zinc is essential for all forms of life because it plays an important role in transcription and translation and expression of genes. Some enzymes contain zinc in the active center, where it acts as electron acceptor. In other enzymes and non-enzyme proteins and in nucleic acids zinc has structural and stabilizing functions (zinc finger). In the pancreas zinc participates in insulin synthesis and insulin storage. In addition, it fulfills important tasks in the immune system.
In the case of zinc, in addition to the absolute content, the bioavailability is also critical for the importance of a food as a zinc source. Absorption of zinc from foods of animal origin is generally higher than from foods of plant origin. Zinc, which forms poorly absorbable complexes with phytic acid, has low availability from phytate-rich foods (for example whole kernel corn). Simultaneously increased consumption of the metals iron, copper, tin and cadmium also inhibit absorption. The presence of amino acids, peptides and organic acids increases bioavailability. Muscle meat, milk products, fish and particularly shellfish (for example oysters up to 160 mg of Zn/100 g) are good zinc sources. Dark meat (beef: 4.3 mg of Zn/100 g) has a higher zinc content than light meat (chicken: 1.0 mg of Zn/100 g). Most fruit and vegetables make only a small contribution to the zinc supply. The zinc content of cereal products is greatly dependent on the degree of processing, since zinc is predominantly localized in the outer layers of the grain. The mean absorption rate of zinc from different types of bread is around 10%, whereas this can be up to 40% from meat from various types of poultry.
Zinc is partly released from the bound form in foods by digestive enzymes and gastric acid, and binds loosely to low-molecular-weight ligands such as amino acids, peptides, organic acids and phosphates, which is of importance for the extent of zinc absorption. Zinc is absorbed by a saturable carrier process in the duodenum and jejunum. Absorbed zinc in blood plasma is bound to albumins, a
2
-macroglobulin and transferrin and transported. The proportion of zinc bound to plasma proteins however makes up only approximately 20% of the zinc content in the blood. The greatest proportion (75%) is present as constituent of carboanhydratase in the erythrocytes. A further 3% is present as constituent of alkaline phosphatase in leukocytes.
Zinc is present in all body tissues and body liquids in differing concentrations. Body levels in adults are in total 2-3 g of zinc. Approximately 60% is present in skeletal musculature and 30% in the bones. Zinc is primarily an intracellular ion which occurs at only relatively low concentrations in extracellular fluids. Only 0.1% of the total body zinc circulates in the plasma. There zinc contents are subject to strict homeostatic control. Humans have to have a regular zinc uptake from food. Zinc is predominantly excreted via the intestine. It is lost here together with digestive secretions and sloughed intestinal epithelial cells. Endogenous losses can be 2 to 4 mg/day. A further 0.5 mg each are excreted with the urine and via the skin (skin scales, hair and sweat). In inflammatory intestinal and kidney diseases, and also in the case of alcoholism, excretion is significantly increased.
Severe forms of zinc deficiency have been observed in humans having congenital disturbances of zinc metabolism (acrodermatitis enteropathica), in patients having inadequate parenteral nutrition and in patients with Morbus-Crohn's disease. The clinical pattern of symptoms includes dermatitis at the ends of limbs and around the mouth, diarrhea, loss of appetite, hair loss and neuropsychiatric disturbances, thrieving depression and growth depression, increased susceptibility to infections and delayed wound healing and disturbances of sexual development.
Furthermore, zinc can be used to prevent the progressive impairment of glucose tolerance with age. With increasing age, independently of body weight, there is a highly significant impairment in glucose tolerance and a significant decrease in insulin secretion after administration of glucose. The basal serum insulin values decrease with increasing age. A reduction in glucose conversion rates with age has been found for glucose metabolism of the brain. Animal experiments and clinical studies indicate that zinc deficiency plays an integrating role in the progressive impairment of age-related glucose tolerance.
Zinc is particularly suitable for treating diabetes mellitus. Zinc improves glucose tolerance and can markedly increase insulin action. Zinc is an important therapeutic for diabetics. According to the German Diabetes Society (Deutsche Diabetes-Gesellschaft, DDG), there currently live in Germany approximately 4 million diabetics (5% type I diabetics, 95% type II diabetics).
According to estimates of leading diabetologists, this figure will double by the year 2000.
Hyperglycemia characterizes diabetes mellitus as a cardinal symptom. In diabetics there is either an insulin deficiency and/or an insulin resistance. Insulin regulates the blood glucose level. Trace elements cannot cure diabetics or act as therapies alone. Despite this, the essential trace element zinc plays a critical role in regulation of blood sugar. With zinc deficiency pathological glucose tolerance frequently occurs, which can be normalized alone by regular zinc administration.
The essential trace element zinc improves the insulin storage in type II diabetics. Zinc deficiency inhibits insulin activity and insulin receptor formation. The daily zinc requirement, according to the German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fü
Paradies Henrich Hasko
Pischel Ivo
Fulbright & Jaworski LLP
Nazario-Gonzalez Porfirio
SKW Trostberg Aktiengesellschaft
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