Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing – Oxygen containing – Molecular oxygen
Reexamination Certificate
1998-02-05
2001-10-23
Soderquist, Arlen (Department: 1743)
Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
Oxygen containing
Molecular oxygen
C436S127000, C436S136000, C436S172000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06306661
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the measurement of dissolved oxygen concentrations in solution.
2. Description of the Background Art
Fluorescent probes for oxygen sensing are of great interest because of their high sensitivity and potential specificity. Importantly, metal ligand complexes display luminescent decay times from 100 ns to 100 &mgr;s. As a consequence, metal ligand complex probes extend the observable time scale of decay measurements by orders of magnitude over other routinely used fluorophores. A variety of fluorophores with longer lifetimes have been used as indicators of dissolved oxygen (Vaughan, W. M. et al.,
Biochemistry
9:464-473 (1970); Cox, M. E. et al.,
App. Optics
24(14):2114-2120 (1985)).
Quenching of fluorescence by oxygen is one of the earliest observations in fluorescence quenching. Long lifetime phosphorescent porphyrins also have been developed for this use (Papkovsky, D. B. et al.,
Anal. Chem.,
67:4112-4117 (1995)). One of the most widely used oxygen sensors has been ruthenium-(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)
3
([Ru(dpp)
3
]
2+
). The favorable optical properties of this complex have resulted in considerable effort to improve the performance of oxygen sensors based on this luminescent metal-ligand complex. Additionally, sensors based on [Ru(dpp)
3
]
2+
are highly stable and can be steam sterilized (Bambot, S. B. et al.
Biotech. Bioengr.,
43:1139-1145 (1994)), facilitating use for medical purposes.
To further improve the spectral properties of these long lifetime oxygen sensors, metal-ligand complexes excitable with green light have been developed, as have oxygen sensors which can be excited above 600 nm. These long wavelength oxygen sensors allow measurements through skin (Bambot, S. B. et al.,
Biosensors
&
Bioelectronics
10:643-652 (1995)), allowing minimally invasive transdermal sensing of oxygen concentration in body tissues.
The measurement of decay times of the oxygen sensor instead of its fluorescence intensity is preferred in this minimally invasive oxygen sensing in the body because decay times can be easily measured in turbid media and through skin (Szmacinski, H. et al.,
Sensors and Actuators B
30:207-215 (1996)).
However, all the previously known fluorophores were insoluble in water and were either dissolved in organic solvents, or were contained in polymeric or silicon supports (Bacon, J. R. et al.,
Anal. Chem.,
59:2780-2785 (1987)). These fluorophores thus were not desirable for use in the body of a living animal or for samples incompatible with organic solvents.
In the past, tissue hypoxia was diagnosed in critically ill patients by an indirect method which was time-intensive and required simultaneous measurements of arterial and venous hemoglobin saturation and measurements of cardiac output and lactate concentration. This prior art method was difficult to perform, and revealed little about the oxygen concentration in tissues or in any particular tissues of interest. Therefore, there is a need for improved methods and oxygen sensors, and which can allow immediate determination of oxygen concentrations in the tissues of the body without the need for techniques such as phlebotomy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, a method of conducting an assay of a sample containing oxygen, comprises forming a mixture so as to bring a water-soluble metal-ligand complex into interactive proximity with a sample containing oxygen. The mixture is irradiated with electromagnetic light energy so as to cause emission of light indicative of oxygen in the sample, and the emitted light is measured. The measurement of the emitted light is utilized so as to measure oxygen concentration of the sample.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4745076 (1988-05-01), Müller et al.
patent: 5030420 (1991-07-01), Bacon et al.
patent: 5242835 (1993-09-01), Jensen
patent: 5585279 (1996-12-01), Davidson
patent: 340605 (1989-11-01), None
F. A. Cotton Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 1980, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, pp. 74-77.*
J. M. Vanderkooi et al, J. Biol. Chem. Apr. 1987, 262, 5476-5482.*
J. M. Vanderkooi et al. Biochemistry Jun. 1990, 29, 5332-5338.*
J. W. Park et al, J, Photochem. Photobiol. Feb. 1995, 86, 89-95.*
J.N. Demas et al.Anal. Chem.1976, 48, 353-357.*
J.N. Demas et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc.1977, 99, 3547-3551.*
P.J. Giordano et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc.1978, 100, 6960-6965.*
W.R. Midden et al.J. Inorgan. Biochem.1980, 12, 93-105.*
S.L. Shapiro et al.Springer Ser. Chem. Phys.1980, 14, 227-231.*
J.L. Cline III et al.J. Phys. Chem.1985, 89, 94-97.*
O.S. Wolfbeis et al.Mikrochim. Acta.1986, 3, 359-366.*
L.A. Basile et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc.1987, 109, 7548-7550.*
W. Bannwarth et al.Helv. Chim. Acta1988, 71, 2085-2099.*
P. Boublikova et al.Gen. Physiol. Biophys.1989, 8, 475-490.*
T. Iyoda et al.J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.1991, 87, 1765-1769.*
P.V. Kamat et al.Photochem. Photobiol.1992, 55, 159-163.*
P.L. Cannon Jr. et al. in “Electrochemistry in Colloid and Dispersions” 1992, VCH Publishers, Inc.: New York, pp. 147-161.*
S.M. Zakeeruddin et al.J. Electroanal. Chem.1992, 337, 253-283.*
K. Kalyanasundaram et al.Chem. Phys. Lett.1992, 193, 292-297.*
L. Sacksteder et al.Anal. Chem.1993, 65, 3480-3483.*
M.K. Nazeeruddin et al.J. Phys. Chem.1993, 97, 9607-9612.*
I. Klimant et al.Talanta1994, 41, 985-991.*
Q.G. Mulazzani et al.J. Phys. Chem.1994, 98, 1145-1150.*
C. Richardson et al.J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.1995, 1821-1823.*
H. Huesmann et al.Thin Solid Films1996, 284-285, 62-65.*
B. Ullrich et al.Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.1986, 2699, 88-95.*
R.-J. Lin et al.Inorg. Chim. Acta1996, 242, 179-183.*
D. Yoo et al.Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.1996, 413, 395-400.*
D. Garcia-Fresnadillo et al.Helv. Chim. Acta1996, 79, 1222-1238.*
J.-K. Lee et al.Appl. Phys. Lett.1996, 69, 1686-1688.*
X.-Q. Guo et al.Anal. Biochem.1997, 254, 179-186.*
F.N. Castellano et al.Photochem. Photobiol.1998, 67, 179-183.*
H. Szmacinski et al.Biochim. Biophys. Acta.1998, 1383, 151-159.*
Shabbir Bambot et al., “Phase Fluorometric Sterilizable Optical Oxygen Sensor,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 43, pp. 1139-1145, 1994.
M.E. Cox et al., “Detection of oxygen by fluorescence quenching”, Applied Optics, vol. 24, No. 14, pp. 2114-2120, Jul. 15, 1985.
M.E. Cox et al., “The Use of Fluorescence Quenching To Measure Oxygen Concentration,” SPIE, vol. 576, Optical Fibers in Medicine and Biology (1985), pp. 60-65.
Eric D. Lee et al. “Luminescence Ratio Indicators for Oxygen,” Anal. Chem., vol. 59, pp. 279-283, 1987.
Joseph R. Lakowicz et al., “Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy”, Topics in Fluroescence Spectroscopy, vol. 1: Techniques, pp. 293-354, 1991.
Susan Anderson et al., “Preparation and Characterisation of 2,2′-Bipyridine-4,4′-disulphonic . . . Acid”, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., pp. 2247-2261, 1985.
J.R. Bacon et al., “Determination of Oxygen Concentrations by Luminescence Quenching . . . Complex,” Anal. Chem., vol. 59, pp. 2780-2785, 1987.
Dmitri Papkovsky, “Phosphorescent Complexes of Porphyrin Ketones: Optical Properties and Application to Oxygen Sensing,” Anal. Chem., vol. 67, pp. 4112-4117, 1995.
W.M. Vaughan et al., “Oxygen Quenching of Pyrenebutyric Acid Fluorescence in Water. A Dynamic Probe of the Microenvironment,” Biochemistry, pp. 464-473.
Castellano Felix
Lakowicz Joseph R.
Lakowicz Joseph R.
Rothwell Figg Ernst & Manbeck
Soderquist Arlen
LandOfFree
Water soluble luminescence oxygen sensor and method does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Water soluble luminescence oxygen sensor and method, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Water soluble luminescence oxygen sensor and method will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-2568768