Vitro protein synthesis using glycolytic intermediates as an...

Details Vitro protein synthesis using glycolytic intermediates as an... Vitro protein synthesis using glycolytic intermediates as an...

2000-07-21

2002-01-08

Horlick, Kenneth R. (Department: 1656)

Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology

Micro-organism, tissue cell culture or enzyme using process...

Enzymatic production of a protein or polypeptide

C435S006120

Reexamination Certificate

active

06337191

ABSTRACT:

INTRODUCTION
The directed synthesis of proteins and other biological macromolecules is one of the great achievements of biochemistry. The development of recombinant DNA techniques has allowed the characterization and synthesis of highly purified coding sequences, which in turn can be used to produce highly purified proteins, even though in native cells the protein may be available only in trace amounts. Polypeptide chains can be synthesized by chemical or biological processes. The biological synthesis may be performed within the environment of a cell, or using cellular extracts and coding sequences to synthesize proteins in vitro.
For several decades, in vitro protein synthesis has served as an effective tool for lab-scale expression of cloned or synthesized genetic materials. In recent years, in vitro protein synthesis system has been considered as an alternative to conventional recombinant DNA technology, because of disadvantages associated with cellular expression. In vivo, proteins can be degraded or modified by several enzymes synthesized with the growth of the cell, and after synthesis may be modified by post-translational processing, such as glycosylation, deamination or oxidation. In addition, many products inhibit metabolic processes and their synthesis must compete with other cellular processes required to reproduce the cell and to protect its genetic information.
Because it is essentially free from cellular regulation of gene expression, in vitro protein synthesis has advantages in the production of cytotoxic, unstable, or insoluble proteins. The over-production of protein beyond a predetermined concentration can be difficult to obtain in vivo, because the expression levels are regulated by the concentration of product. The concentration of protein accumulated in the cell generally affects the viability of the cell, so that over-production of the desired protein is difficult to obtain. In an isolation and purification process, many kinds of protein are insoluble or unstable, and are either degraded by intracellular proteases or aggregate in inclusion bodies, so that the loss rate is high.
In vitro synthesis circumvents many of these problems. Also, through simultaneous and rapid expression of various proteins in a multiplexed configuration, this technology can provide a valuable tool for development of combinatorial arrays for research, and for screening of proteins. In addition, various kinds of unnatural amino acids can be efficiently incorporated into proteins for specific purposes (Noren et al. (1989) Science 244:182-188). However, despite all its promising aspects, the in vitro system has not been widely accepted as a practical alternative, mainly due to the short reaction period, which causes a poor yield of protein synthesis, and to the high cost of the reaction components.
The development of a continuous flow in vitro protein synthesis system by Spirin et al. (1988) Science 242:1162-1164 proved that the reaction could be extended up to several hours. Since then, numerous groups have reproduced and improved this system (Kigawa et al. (1991) J. Biochem. 110:166-168; Endo et al. (1992) J. Biotechnol. 25:221-230. Recently, Kim and Choi (1996) Biotechnol. Prog. 12: 645-649, reported that the merits of batch and continuous flow systems could be combined by adopting a ‘semicontinuous operation’ using a simple dialysis membrane reactor. They were able to reproduce the extended reaction period of the continuous flow system while maintaining the initial rate of a conventional batch system. However, both the continuous and semi-continuous approaches require quantities of expensive reagents, which must be increased by a significantly greater factor than the increase in product yield.
Several improvements have been made in the conventional batch system (Kim et al. (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 239: 881-886; Kuldlicki et al. (1992) Anal. Biochem. 206:389-393; Kawarasaki et al. (1995) Anal. Biochem. 226: 320-324). Although the semicontinuous system maintains the initial rate of protein synthesis over extended periods, the conventional batch system still offers several advantages, e.g. convenience of operation, easy scale-up, lower reagent costs and excellent reproducibility. Also, the batch system can be readily conducted in multiplexed formats to express various genetic materials simultaneously.
Recently, Patnaik and Swartz (1998) Biotechniques 24:862-868 reported that the initial specific rate of protein synthesis could be enhanced to a level similar to that of in vivo expression through extensive optimization of reaction conditions. It is notable that they achieved such a high rate of protein synthesis using the conventional cell extract prepared without any condensation steps (Nakano et al. (1996) J. Biotechnol. 46:275-282; Kim et al. (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 239:881-886). Kigawa et al. (1999) FEBS Lett 442:15-19 report high levels of protein synthesis using condensed extracts and creatine phosphate as an energy source. Their result implies that further improvement of the batch system, especially in terms of the longevity of the protein synthesis reaction, would substantially increase the productivity for batch in vitro protein synthesis. However, the reason for the early halt of protein synthesis in the conventional batch system has remained unclear.
As shown from the above, both protein productivity and production amount are still low, which is an obstacle in implementing the industrialization of cell-free protein synthesis. Therefore, improvements are greatly required in terms of the total productivity of the protein by increasing the specific production rate and the length of system operation. Optimizing these conditions of great interest for development of commercial processes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Compositions and methods are provided for the enhanced in vitro synthesis of protein molecules. Glycolytic intermediates or glucose are used as an energy source, in combination with NADH or NAD
+
added in catalytic quantities. Coenzyme A may also be included in the reaction mix. In addition, inhibition of enzymes catalyzing undesirable reactions is achieved by: addition of inhibitory compounds to the reaction mix; modification of the reaction mixture to decrease or eliminate the responsible enzyme activities; or a combination of the two.


REFERENCES:
patent: 4199498 (1980-04-01), Zappelli et al.
patent: 4282352 (1981-08-01), Imahori et al.
patent: 5593856 (1997-01-01), Choi et al.
patent: 5801006 (1998-09-01), Kaufman
patent: 6168931 (2001-01-01), Swartz et al.
patent: WO-00/55353 (2000-09-01), None
Iglewski et al., Protein Engineering 6 (Suppl), 33 (1993).*
Endo et al. (1992), “Production of an Enzymatic Active protein Using a Continuous Flow Cell-Free Translation System.”Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 25:221-230.
Kawarsaki et al. (1995), “A Long-Lived Batch Reaction System of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis.”Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 226:320-324.
Kigawa et al. (1999), “Cell-free production and stable-isotope labeling of milligram quantities of proteins.”FEBS Letters, vol. 442:15-19.
Kigawa et al. (1991), “Continuous Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System for Coupled Transcription-Translation.”J. Biochem., vol. 110:166-168.
Kim et al. (1996), “A highly efficient cell-free protein synthesis system fromEscherichia coli.”Eur. J. Biochem., vol. 239:881-886.
Kim et al. (1996), “A Semicontinuous Prokaryotic Coupled Transcription/Translation System using a Dialysis membrane.”Biotechnol. Prog., vol. 12:645-649.
Kudlicki et al. (1992), “High Efficiency Cell-Free Synthesis of Proteins: Refinement of the Coupled Transcription/Translation System.”Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 206:389-393.
Lennon et al. (1977), “Role of NAD30in the Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysates.”Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 184:42-48.
Lennon et al. (1976), “The Effect of NAD+And NAD+Analogs on Protein Synthesis in Rabbit Reticulocytes: Replacment of the Energy Regenerating System.”Biochemical and Biosphysical Research Communications, vol. 72(2).
Nakano e

Affiliated with

Also associated with

Rating

Vitro protein synthesis using glycolytic intermediates as an... does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.

If you have personal experience with Vitro protein synthesis using glycolytic intermediates as an..., we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Vitro protein synthesis using glycolytic intermediates as an... will most certainly appreciate the feedback.

Rate now

Comments { 0 }

Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-2858454