Vaccines

Details Vaccines Vaccines

1996-07-02

2000-11-14

Navarro, Albert

Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions

Antigen, epitope, or other immunospecific immunoeffector

4241931, 4242041, 4242071, 4242081, 4242091, 4242111, 4242251, 4242261, 4242271, 4242281, 4242291, 4242301, 4242311, 4242341, 4242491, 4242531, 4242581, 4242631, 4242681, 4242731, A61K 3900, A61K 39385, A61K 3912, A61K 3921

Patent

active

061466328

DESCRIPTION:

BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to novel vaccine formulations, to methods of their production and to their use in medicine. In particular, the present invention relates to an oil in water emulsion. Such emulsions comprise tocopherol, squalene, TWEEN 80 (polyoxyethelene sorbitan monooleate) Span 85 and Lecithin and have useful adjuvant properties. Vaccines containing QS21, an Hplc purified non-toxic fraction derived from the bark of Quillaja Saponaria Molina, and/or 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3 D-MPL), together with such oil in water emulsions also form part of the invention.
3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A is known from GB2220 211 (Ribi). Chemically it is a mixture of 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A with 4, 5 or 6 acylated chains and is manufactured by Ribi Immunochem Montana. A preferred form of 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A is disclosed in International Patent Application No. 92/116556.
QS21 is a Hplc purified non toxic fraction of a saponin from the bark of the South American tree Quillaja Saponaria Molina and its method of its production is disclosed (as QA21) in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540.
Oil in water emulsions per se are known in the art, and have been suggested to be useful as adjuvant compositions (EPO 399843).
The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that an oil in water emulsion of the present invention, which unlike emulsions of the prior art contain tocopherol, as such or in combination with QS21 and/or 3 D-MPL enhance immune responses to a given antigen. Such enhancement available affords better immunological responses than hitherto before.
Additionally the oil in water emulsions of the present invention when formulated with 3 D-MPL and QS21 are preferential stimulators of IgG2a production and TH1 cell response. This is advantageous, because of the known implication of TH.sub.1 response in cell mediated response. Indeed in mice induction of IgG2a is correlated with such an immune response.
For example a vaccine formulation of the HIV antigen gp 120 in such a combination results in a powerful synergistic induction of gp 120 protein specific immune responses.
The observation that it is possible to induce strong cytolytic T lymphocyte responses significant as these responses, in certain animal models have been shown to induce protection against disease.
The present inventors have shown that the combination of the adjuvants QS21 and 3D-MPL together with an oil in water emulsion with an antigen results in a powerful induction of CS protein specific CTL in the spleen. QS21 also enhances induction of CTL on its own, while 3D-MPL does not.
Induction of CTL is easily seen when the target antigen is synthesised intracellularly (e.g. in infections by viruses, intracellular bacteria, or in tumours), because peptides generated by proteolytic breakdown of the antigen can enter the appropriate processing pathway, leading to presentation in association with class I molecules on the cell membrane. However, in general, pre-formed soluble antigen does not reach this processing and presentation pathway, and does not elicit class I restricted CTL. Therefore conventional non-living vaccines, while eliciting antibody and T helper responses, do not generally induce CTL mediated Immunity. The combination of the two adjuvants QS21 and 3D-MPL together with an oil in water emulsion can overcome this serious limitation of vaccines based or recombinant proteins, and induce a wider spectrum of immune responses.
CTL specific for CS protein have been shown to protect from malaria in mouse model systems (Romero et al. Nature 341:323 (1989)). In human trials where volunteers were immunised using irradiated sporozoites of P. falciparum, and shown to be protected against subsequent malaria challenge, induction of CTL specific for CS epitopes was demonstrated (Malik et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:3300 (1991)).
The ability to induce CTL specific for an antigen administered as a recombinant molecules is relevant to malaria vaccine development, since the use of irradiated spo

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