Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Peptide containing doai
Patent
1997-04-28
2000-09-05
Kemmerer, Elizabeth
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Peptide containing doai
514 2, A61K 3816
Patent
active
061143057
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns new pharmaceutical compositions intended to prevent and/or treat the expression of brooding behavior in birds, and more particularly in the turkey. The invention also relates to the procedures for the preparation of these pharmaceutical compositions.
2. Background of the Related Art
The brooding or incubation period is one of the major phases in the natural reproductive cycle of birds. However, the aptitude for brooding, far from being considered a quality of breeders, is instead an unfavorable factor, inasmuch as all of the eggs to be hatched are incubated artificially. Brooding behavior still persists among several species of domestic birds, particularly among chickens, ducks, and turkeys. This behavior leads to a notable reduction in the number of incubatable eggs and thus to a very significant loss of income for the breeders.
The observation and understanding of this behavior have made it possible to develop the first ways to combat broodiness on breeding farms.
In the turkeys on a breeding farm, the first brooders are identified after the peak of production, i.e., toward the fourth week of egg-laying. In the absence of preventive actions, their number reaches a maximum toward the eighth week [1] [2] [3]. The passage from layer to brooder status is normally associated with a cessation of laying and with regression of the reproductive apparatus (ovary and oviduct). Certain morphological changes (such as narrowing of the pelvic bones and development of incubatory plates) and behavioral changes (an increase in the amount of time spent on the nest, defense of the nest, ruffled plumage, vocalizations, reduced feeding activity) can then be observed. However, the simultaneous appearance of the entire group of these changes is unusual in the turkey. Consequently, early identification of brooders is a trickier matter in this species.
The hypothesis of humoral control of the expression of brooding was advanced as early as 1927 [4]. Because an elevation of plasma concentrations of prolactin was associated with the expression of this behavior, this hormone was designated as the causal factor [5]; but this has never been formally confirmed. Recent studies using radioimmunoassay methods have confirmed that the plasma concentrations of LH [i.e., luteinizing hormone], as well as the concentrations of the ovarian steroids estradiol and progesterone, are minimal during brooding, while the plasma level of prolactin is maximal [6].
Nevertheless, it has been possible to detect several factors that affect the expression of brooding behavior.
Genetic factors were identified after it was observed that the percentage of turkeys capable of externalizing brooding behavior in a given a population varied as a function of the strain. The expression of brooding, as a quantitative characteristic, is controlled by several genes, and its transmission simultaneously involves both sex-linked factors and autosomal factors [7] [8]. An estimate indicates that the inheritability of this characteristic in the turkey is between 0.30 and 0.40 [9].
The incidence of brooding also depends on exogenous factors associated with the environment and on endogenous factors associated with the physiological condition of the birds. The most frequently cited environmental factors are the raising method, temperature, and light. The centralized integration of these exogenous stimuli and endogenous stimuli plays a determining role in the emergence of this behavior. One or more monoamines (such as dopamine or serotonin) and hypothalamic peptides (such as TRH [thyrotropin-releasing hormone] or VIP [vasoactive intestinal polypeptide]) may also be involved in the chain of mechanisms leading to brooding [10] [11]. It has also been suggested that ovarian steroids encourage the expression of brooding by stimulating the secretion of prolactin during the passage from layer status to brooder status.
On the basis of these studies, three ways of combating brooding have been developed, i.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4302386 (1981-11-01), Stevens
Karatzas, C. N., et al, "Production and Characterization of Recombinant Turkey Prolactin", Comp. Biochem. Physiol. vol. 106B, No. 2, pp. 273-280, 1993.
Gilbert, M. S. et al, "Expression and Partial Purification of Human Prolactin in Escherichia coli.", File Server Stn Karlsruhe, File Medline Abrege 91216317 and Int. J. Biochem (1991) 23 (1) 107-14.
Bianchi, C. Paul, "1-Pharmacology", Chemical Abstracts, vol. 97, No. 19, Nov. 8, 1982.
March, J. B., et al, "Effect of Active Immunization Against Recombinant Derived Chicken Prolactin Fusion Protein. . . ", File Server Stn Karlsruhe File Medline Abrege 94343333 and J. Reprod Fertil (1994 May) 101 (1) 227-33.
Schmidt et al., "Chicken Egg Antibodies for Immunohistochemical Labeling of Growth Hormone. . . ", File Server Stn Karlsruhe, File Medline Abrege 93359719 and J. Histochem Cytochem (1993 Sep.) 41 (9) 1441-6.
Wong et al, "Cloning of a Turkey Prolactin cDNA: Expression of Prolactin mRNA throughout the Reproductive Cycle of the Domestic Turkey", Chemical Abstracts, vol. 116, No. 5, Feb. 3, 1993, Abstract No. 35348k.
Karatzas C. N., et al, "Nucleotide Sequence of Turkey Prolactin", Nucleic Acids Research. vol. 18, No. 10, p. 3071.
Daniel et al. Virology 202:540-549, 1994.
Guemene Daniel
Karatzas Costas
Zadworny David
Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique
Kemmerer Elizabeth
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