Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Aldehyde doai
Reexamination Certificate
1999-10-29
2004-06-15
Levy, Neil S. (Department: 1616)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Aldehyde doai
C514S693000, C424S405000, C424S406000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06750256
ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention is related to insecticidal and arachnidal compositions containing aromatic aldehydes as essential ingredients and their use in a method for protecting against infestation and attack by insects and arachnids. The method is exemplified by applying an effective amount of a composition which includes cinnamic aldehyde and/or cinnamic aldehyde substituted at the &agr; position with a butyl or a hexyl group in the vicinity of two-spotted spider mites, flies, fleas, ticks, cockroaches, western subterranean termites, ants, mosquitos, lice, biting midges, and earwigs as a means of controlling and/or preventing infestation and attack by these pests.
BACKGROUND
Organic matter, including decaying organic matter, is colonized by a variety of organisms, many of which are dependent upon a particular organic material as a source of nutrients. The colonizing organisms include a variety of insects and arachnids, some of which spread disease and/or damage the material which they colonize. The insects and arachnids which colonize particular organic materials include those species such as cockroaches, fleas, termites and spider mites which are symbiotic with bacteria; the host organism cannot survive without the symbionts. The colonizing organisms also include those which are disease vectors to mammals and include ticks, mites, fleas, and mosquitos and various sap-sucking insects which are disease vectors to plants, and include aphids and thrips. The Prostigmata include sap-sucking plant parasites, the most important of which are the gall mites and spider mites which cause damage to agricultural and horticultural plants around the world.
Most orders of ticks include species of medical importance. Just the activity of the blood-sucking habit of ticks causes irritation and malaise in the host. However, the tick's role as carrier and transmitter of human disease organisms is of most concern medically. The organisms, chiefly viruses, rickettsiae and spirochaeta bacteria, are transmitted in the tick's saliva during feeding, and any one organism can be carried by a range of tick species. The viruses cause hemorrhagic fevers or encephalitis. The habitats of ticks include Canada, the U.S.A., Malaysia, India, and eastern, northern and central Europe. The different types of diseases caused by ticks usually are named after the place where they were first identified (e.g., Omsk hemorrhagic fever).
Another disease risk that is spreading geographically is Lyme disease (LD). LD is a multisystem inflammatory disease that in its early localized form affects the skin and joints, nervous system and, to a lesser extent, other organic systems. Like a virus, rickettsia can develop only inside living cells. The main human rickettsial infections are the spotted fevers, tick-bite fevers and tick-typhus fevers, one of the most famous examples being Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which in the western U.S.A. is carried by the wood tick, Spirochaetes. The disease is characterized in humans by relapsing fevers and is transmitted by tick species of the genus Ornithodoros. These occur in Africa and the Americas.
In cattle,
Ornithodoros coriaceus
has been studied in order to gauge its relationship to bovine abortion. Epizootic Bovine Abortion (EBA) has become recognized as a major factor in preventing maximum range cattle calf production in California. Cows of various ages and breeds are susceptible to the disease, and abortion rates of up to 40 percent are not uncommon.
O. coriaceus
tested for vector ability were captured from EBA enzootic areas in California. After transport to the laboratory and acclimation, heifers were exposed to EBA by blood feeding. A cause and effect relationship between
O. coriaceus
blood feeding and subsequent disease was established. This soft tick disease represents a $30-$50 million problem in the state of California, with catastrophic loss years of approximately $100 million. Another disease vector affecting cattle is the soft tick which is the vector of numerous arboviruses.
Larval mites of the family Trombiculidae, commonly called chiggers or red bugs, are mostly lymph-feeding ectoparasites of vertebrates. About 20 species cause either a dermatitis (scrub-itch), resulting from an allergic reaction to the chigger's saliva, or transmit human disease organisms. Among the latter is the most important of mite-borne diseases, scrub-typhus or tsutsugamushi disease, which occurs in many parts of eastern and southeastern Asia. The best known mites which infect humans are scabies or itch mites. Scabies, known also to be a severe irritant to cattle, is highly contagious and its effects range from dermal irritation to death. Favored sites for infection are the hands and wrists; usually severe itching and rashes result.
House-dust mites induce allergic reactions in the form of asthma and rhinitis in humans. Several species of food mites cause a dermatitis in people handling infested food which include grocer's itch, associated with the presence of the flour mite. The crab louse, head (
Pediculus humans
) and pubic (
Phthirius pubis
), also cause discomfort to humans. Lice act as vector for exanthematous typhus, a disease caused by
Rickettsiaprowazekii ,
a rickettsia. Millions of deaths have resulted from this disease. In domestic animals disease and, more importantly, weight loss due to irritation, are caused by lice.
Mosquitoes, because of the pathogenic microorganisms they not only carry around but in some cases actively culture, are an important threat to human health. While particularly adept at transmitting diseases caused by viruses, they also are known vectors of disease-causing nematodes and protozoans. The mosquito species probably the most closely associated with humans is that of the genus Aedes. There are about 150 species of this genus in North America; one,
Aedes vexans,
the inland floodwater mosquito, is known for its painful bite. In terms of human health problems, the most important species of Aedes is
A. aegypti,
which is the vector for an arbovirus that causes the disease yellow fever in humans.
Other arboviruses associated with the Aedes species include those which cause dengne fever; eastern and western encephalitis; Venezuelan equine encephalitis; St. Louis encephalitis; chikungunya; oroponehe and bunyamidera. Given this spectrum of disease, there is justifiable concern over the recent introduction (1985) of
A. albopictus
into the U.S.
A. albopictus
is a known vector of dengne fever and a suspected vector of a number of forms of encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever. The genus Culex contains various species including the common house mosquito,
C. pipiens.
In North America, it is implicated in the transmission of various forms of encephalitis and the filarial worms
Wuchereria banufti
or
Brugia malayi
responsible for elephantiasis. Mosquitoes may also be the vector for Ebola, which is caused by a filovirus.
In the mosquito genus Anopheles, of which there are about 300 species worldwide, 15 species live in North America. While many species of mosquito feed on human blood, a majority of individual mosquitoes in the world do not; for them the consumption of human blood is distasteful and other vertebrate hosts are preferred, to which they spread disease. Certain anopheline mosquitoes can act as vectors of pathogenic organisms that circulate in the bloodstream. Among these are protozoans in the genus Plasmodium, which cause the disease malaria in humans which afflicts between 200 and 300 million people and kills at least two million every year. Humans are affected by only four species of this genus:
P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae
and
P. falciparum.
Other pests which can act as disease vectors include cockroaches. Cockroaches remain one of the most widespread and troublesome household and commercial pests, in spite of rather extensive use of insecticides. The most pestiferous species of cockroaches in California is
Blattella germanic
(L), the German cockroach. These cockroaches are foun
Crandall, Jr. Bradford G.
Emerson Ralph W.
Brezner David J.
Dorsey & Whitney LLP
Levy Neil S.
Mason Diane J.
Proguard, Inc.
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