Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Radical -xh acid – or anhydride – acid halide or salt thereof...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-22
2003-07-22
Weddington, Kevin E. (Department: 1614)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Radical -xh acid, or anhydride, acid halide or salt thereof...
C514S460000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06596768
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention generally relates to feedstock for domesticated ruminants. More specifically this invention relates to an unsaturated lipid supplemented feedstock for ruminants which beneficially provides an increased production of propionate in the rumen and a resultant improved feed efficiency and body growth in the ruminant.
Conventional cattle feeds such as corn and alfalfa often fail to provide sufficient energy for cattle, especially lactating dairy cattle during periods of heavy milk production. Feed containing a high proportion of corn also has a tendency to depress the milk fat content of the milk produced by such cattle. Lipid is an excellent energy source, and it is known that if the proportion of lipid in cattle food is increased, lactating dairy cattle produce high milk yields without draining their reserves of body fat and without diminishing the proportion of milk fat in the milk produced.
However, it has been found that if the proportion of lipid in the diet of cattle exceeds about 3-5% of the total feed solids, the feed has toxic effects upon the microorganisms in the rumen of the cattle. It appears that lipid reduces the growth rate or even kills certain microorganisms which digest fiber in the cow's rumen, thereby lowering fiber digestibility. This deleterious effect on the cow's rumen is particularly true of unsaturated lipids. Although the decreased fiber digestion in the rumen is partially compensated by greater fiber digestion in the lower parts of the alimentary canal, such later fiber digestion produces a blend of different fatty acids than that which is produced by the digestion in the rumen, and the different blend of fatty acids is less suited to the cow's metabolism.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,642,317; 4,826,694; 4,853,233; and 4,909,138 describe the incorporation of insoluble fatty acid salts in ruminant feed as a means of increasing the fat content of the feed without deleteriously affecting the ruminant digestion cycle. A feed additive such as fatty acid calcium salt functions as a rumen-bypass product, and is subsequently metabolized in the abomasum or small intestine of the ruminant.
Many dietary lipids contain a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Under the usual feeding conditions for lactating cattle, however, these unsaturated fatty acids do not appear in cow milk because they are extensively biohydrogenated to more saturated fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid) by the ruminal microbial population.
Of related interest with respect to the present invention are publications that describe studies of factors which influence biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids under ruminal conditions.
J. Dairy Sci., 78, 2797 (1995) reports in vitro experiments directed to the antimicrobial inhibition of lipolysis and lipid biohydrogenation of soybean oil in rumen fluid. The most potent inhibitors are ionophores and amoxicillin.
An “ionophore” is illustrated by monensin which is a cyclic polyether antibiotic that is naturally by occurring in
Streptomyces cinnamonensis.
Ionophores have been utilized extensively in the diets of ruminants, and effects on animal performance are well documented. Improved animal performance in part derives from the ability of ionophores to alter ruminal fermentation. Dietary ionophores increase the ratio of propionate to acetate, and inhibit ruminal methanogenesis. Changes in ruminal fermentation pathways are attributed to the disruptive action of ionophores on the permeability of ions across bacterial membranes. Different ionophores vary in their affinity and binding selectivity for cations.
There is limited information on the effect of ionophores on ruminal lipid metabolism. Dietary unsaturated fatty acids are extensively biohydrogenated by ruminal bacteria, a process that requires energy for reduction and can serve as means for disposal of hydrogen. It has been suggested that ionophores reduce methane production by inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria that produce hydrogen, and thereby decrease ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. Limited studies have indicated that dietary ionophores alter lipid metabolism in the rumen, with a resulting increase of unsaturated fatty acids in ruminal bacteria and in the duodenal digesta.
There is continuing interest in developments relating to improved materials and procedures for advancing ruminant husbandry, and for providing value-added meat and dairy products for human consumption.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a ruminant feedstock which yields improved feed efficiency and body growth in ruminants.
It is another object of this invention to provide an unsaturated lipid supplement for ruminant feedstock with lipids that exhibit rumen-bypass properties, and which has a content of ionophorous antibiotic additive.
It is another object of this invention to provide a method for improving the lactational performance of ruminants.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a cow milk product which has a milk fat profile with an increased molar proportion of unsaturated fatty acid constituents.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention shall become apparent from the accompanying description and example.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
One or more objects of the present invention are accomplished by the provision of a feedstock adapted for beneficial feeding to a ruminant, which feedstock comprises (1) nutritionally balanced ration; (2) between about 2-20 weight percent, on a dry weight basis, of lipid ingredient comprising unsaturated fatty acid derivative having rumen-bypass properties; and (3) an effective quantity of cyclic polyether ionophorous antibiotic ingredient; wherein a ruminant feeding regimen with the feedstock induces an increased production of propionate in the rumen, and a resultant improved feed efficiency and body growth in the ruminant.
A typical feedstock for ruminants such as lactating cattle will include silage, and energy concentrate and protein concentrate. A basal feedstock can comprise (6.4) corn silage (35% dry matter), (17) alfalfa silage (50% dry matter), (1) alfalfa hay, and (6.9) energy and (2.1) protein concentrate.
The compositions of an energy concentrate and a protein concentrate are illustrated in TABLE 1.
TABLE 1
Weight, %
ENERGY CONCENTRATE
Ground shelled corn
56.87
Ground ear corn
34.50
Molasses
2.00
Animal/vegetable fat
1.00
Minerals and vitamins
5.63
PROTEIN CONCENTRATE
Soybean meal - 44%
60.88
Soybran hulls
26.20
Molasses
1.00
Fish meal
3.90
Animal/vegetable fat
1.00
Sodium bicarbonate
3.90
Magnesium oxide
0.92
One or more other ingredients can be incorporated in a present invention feedstock composition, such as biologically active derivatives.
An optional biologically active ingredient can be included in a feedstock in an effective quantity between about 0.05-20 weight percent, based on the weight of feedstock. It can be selected from a broad variety of nutrients and medicaments, either as a single component or as a mixture of components, which are illustrated by the following listing of active species:
1. sugars and complex carbohydrates which include both water-soluble and water-insoluble monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Cane molasses is a byproduct from the extraction of sucrose from sugar cane. It is commercially available at standard 79.5° Brix concentration, which has a water content of about 21 weight percent, and a sugar content of 50 weight percent. Sugar beet byproducts also are available as low cost carbohydrate sources.
Whey is a byproduct of the dairy industry. The whey is a dilute solution of lactalbumin, lactose, fats, and the soluble inorganics from milk. Dried whey solids typically have the following composition:
Protein
12.0%
Fat
0.7%
Lactose
60.0%
Phosphorus
0.79%
Calcium
0.874%
Ash
9.7%
Another source of carbohydrate is derived from the pulp and paper industry which produces large quantities of byproduct lignin sulfonates from wood during the sulfite pulping process. The ca
Block Elliot
Cummings Kenneth R.
Sanchez William K.
Church & Dwight & Co., Inc.
Shear Stephen B.
Weddington Kevin E.
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