Miscellaneous active electrical nonlinear devices – circuits – and – Gating – Compensation for variations in external physical values
Reexamination Certificate
2001-01-29
2002-06-25
Cunningham, Terry D. (Department: 2816)
Miscellaneous active electrical nonlinear devices, circuits, and
Gating
Compensation for variations in external physical values
C327S309000, C327S390000, C327S419000, C307S130000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06411153
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention generally pertains to electronic power conversion circuits, and more specifically to high frequency, switched mode power electronic converter circuits.
2. Description of Related Art
There are some power conversion circuits which accomplish higher efficiencies by implementing a mechanism that accomplishes switching at zero voltage. Power loss in a switch is the product of the voltage applied across the switch and the current flowing through the switch. In a switching power converter, when the switch is in the on state, the voltage across the switch is zero, so the power loss is zero. When the switch is in the off state, the power loss is zero, because the current through the switch is zero. During the transition from on to off, and vice versa, power losses can occur, if there is no mechanism to switch at zero voltage or zero current. During the switching transitions, energy losses will occur if there is simultaneously (1) non-zero voltage applied across the switch and (2) non-zero current flowing through the switch. The energy lost in each switching transition is equal to the time integral of the product of switch voltage and switch current. The power losses associated with the switching transitions will be the product of the energy lost per transition and the switching frequency. The power losses that occur because of these transitions are referred to as switching losses by those people who are skilled in the art of switching power converter design. In zero voltage switching converters the zero voltage turn off transition is accomplished by turning off a switch in parallel with a capacitor and a diode when the capacitor's voltage is zero. The capacitor maintains the applied voltage at zero across the switch as the current through the switch falls to zero. In the zero voltage transition the current in the switch is transferred to the parallel capacitor as the switch turns off.
The zero voltage turn on transition is accomplished by discharging the parallel capacitor using the energy stored in a magnetic circuit element, such as an inductor or transformer, and turning on the switch after the parallel diode has begun to conduct. During the turn on transition the voltage across the switch is held at zero, clamped by the parallel diode. The various zero voltage switching (ZVS) techniques differ in the control and modulation schemes used to accomplish regulation, in the energy storage mechanisms used to accomplish the zero voltage turn on transition, and in a few cases on some unique switch timing mechanisms.
One of the ZVS techniques uses an inductor or transformer with relatively low inductance so that the inductor current reverses sign during each switching cycle. An example of a buck converter with this property is shown in FIG.
1
and its wave forms are illustrated in FIG.
2
. One advantage of this technique is that the switching transitions are all zero voltage transitions driven by the stored energy and current in the inductor. Another advantage is that the inductor can be made small and the inductance needs to be small in order that the current can be reversed during each switching cycle. The disadvantages are that the output current reverses each cycle so that the output capacitor must be relatively large and must store a substantial amount of energy and be able to accommodate the large ripple currents. During the time that the inductor current is negative the output capacitor must supply the current to the inductor as well as providing current to the load. Although the inductor can be made smaller because the inductance is reduced, the size reduction of the inductor is not as large as might be suggested by the reduction in inductance value. In a typical hard switching buck converter the output choke would be saturation limited. Its core losses would be small by comparison to its copper losses. With a small value inductor with large current swings the inductor will more likely be core loss limited, so that the cross section, the core gap, and the number of turns would need to be increased to reduce the flux swing and associated core losses. Also, in the typical hard switching buck converter in which the inductor current has a large DC component and a small AC component the AC copper winding losses are typically small. In the
FIG. 1
circuit the issue of AC winding losses must be addressed by suitable magnetic circuit element design (Litz wire or properly placed and oriented copper foil or strip) or AC winding losses will be substantial. Another disadvantage of the small inductance value technique is that there will be much higher peak currents in the choke winding and in the switches which will result in additional conduction losses in those elements. Another disadvantage of the small inductance value technique is that the energy and current available to drive the zero voltage transitions decreases as the load current increases so that in an over load condition there may be no energy available to drive a zero voltage transition and there may be substantial switching losses at the same time that the conduction losses are at their highest levels. In general, almost any power converter can be made to have zero voltage switching by this mechanism. That is, almost any power converter can be designed so that the current in its principal magnetic energy storage circuit element(s) reverses each cycle so that the stored energy in its magnetic storage element(s) is directed in a way which will enable a zero voltage transition on every switching transition.
OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES
An object of the subject invention is to provide a power converter which is relatively simple and is capable of delivering high output power at high efficiencies and high switching frequencies.
Another object is to provide a converter design with minimal snubber requirements and superior EMI performance.
Another object is to provide a simple resonant transition converter design that can be readily used with the single frequency pulse width modulated controller integrated circuits.
Another object is to provide a resonant switching transition mechanism which can be designed to provide zero voltage switching over the full range of line voltage and load conditions.
Another object is to provide a generalized resonant switching mechanism that can be universally applied to a wide variety of simple non-isolated and isolated converter topologies.
Another object is to provide a high power conversion scheme with reduced conduction losses.
Another object is to provide a high frequency soft switching converter with low output filter capacitor requirements.
Another object is to provide a universal zero voltage transition switching cell that does not alter the current and voltage wave forms, which would otherwise increase component stress, in the circuit elements of the converter external to the switching cell.
Further objects and advantages of my invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and ensuing description.
These and other objects of the invention are provided by a novel circuit technique that uses a universal zero voltage transition switching cell consisting of two switches, a reset capacitor, and a small resonator choke. The critical zero voltage switching transitions are accomplished using the stored magnetic energy in the small resonator choke.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4313065 (1982-01-01), Yoshida et al.
patent: 4573006 (1986-02-01), Newton
patent: 5612615 (1997-03-01), Gold et al.
patent: 6172550 (2001-01-01), Gold et al.
Cunningham Terry D.
Technical Witts Inc.
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