Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Peptide containing doai
Reexamination Certificate
2000-11-10
2003-08-12
Carlson, Karen Cochrane (Department: 1653)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Peptide containing doai
C514S808000, C514S009100, C514S178000, C514S179000, C530S307000, C530S317000, C435S058000, C552S542000, C552S615000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06605591
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to the treatment of bone loss by administering dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and calcitonin.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
References
The following references are cited as pertinent to the background of the invention, or as providing guidance in practicing the invention.
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Osteoporosis is a “systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase of bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture.” It is the consequence of imbalance between bone formation (anabolic) and resorption of bone, with the latter predominating.
Following the first trimester of fetal development, bone growth is rapid. Multiple factors may regulate in utero transplacental calcium transport and in utero bone formation, including but not limited to vitamin D, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and miscellaneous growth factors. In humans, bone mass peaks at approximately the end of the second decade of life and declines thereafter. The cause of the shift from predominantly bone formation in early life to bone resorption in later life is unknown.
The NIH has stated that “osteoporosis is an important and potentially growing public health problem in which weakened bones are easily fractured. More than 1.3 million hip, spine and wrist fractures each year are attributable to osteoporosis. Low bone density is a major cause of fractures. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, using a definition of osteoporosis developed by the World Health Organization, determined that up to 20% of white women over 50 have osteoporosis and up to 50% have low bone mass. Non-white women and men have lower rates of osteoporosis but contribute up to 25% of the fractures annually (Looker). Low trauma fractures at any site in the elderly are largely due to low bone mass. Hip fractures are the most devastating and costly osteoporotic fractures.” (NIH press release, 1998)
While osteopenia and osteoporosis are most often associated with aging, they can also be secondary to numerous diseases and/or therapies associated with these diseases. Aside from postmenopausal and age-related osteoporosis, osteoporosis can be heritable, endocrine-mediated, diet-related, drug-induced, disuse- or disease-related, or idiopathic (no identifiable cause). No class of drugs has been more often associated with osteoporosis than treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids, which are notorious for causing rapid onset of bone loss with ultimate osteopenia/osteoporosis, even at low doses.
Almost all currently available treatments for preventing progression of osteopenia/osteoporosis include drugs which are primarily antiresorptive including estrogens, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin (salmon or human). Additional therapies include calcium supplements, progesterone or progesterone analogs, and vitamin D and its analogs.
Calcitonin and calcitonin-gene related peptide have been of particular interest. Both are proteins secreted in abundance in the fetal circulation and are thought to be essential for bone growth in the fetus. Concentrations of both decline shortly after birth and remain low thereafter. While the physiologic role of each in adulthood is unclear, salmon and human calcitonin are known to inhibit resorption of bone and have found application as therapies for osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcemia, and other diseases.
Although calcitonin has been available as a treatment for osteoporosis for a number of years, reports on its efficacy in prospective bone density studies have been variable, with many studies demonstrating either no or little improvement in bone density during chronic treatment with this drug. In an analysis of 16 studies, mean increase in spine bone mineral density (BMD) was reported to be 1.97% (Cardona).
Alendronate, a bisphosphonate, is perhaps the most commonly prescribed treatment for the treatment of bone loss diseases today. In the largest study conducted to date assessing efficacy of calcitonin vs. alendronate, only modest increases in BMD were observed in the total femur and lumbar spine during up to 1 year of therapy with calcitonin in postmenopausal women (Rosen). This study was designed to compare efficacy of alendronate to calcitonin when used for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
In the study, two-hundred and seventy-five postmenopausal women with low bone mass (low BMD), −2.0 standard deviations (SD) at lumbar spine (LS) or femoral neck (FN) and −1.0 SD at the other site) were randomized at 9 US sites to either blinded alendronate at 10 mg or matching placebo or open-label calcitonin at 200 IU daily. All patients received vitamin D at 400 IU daily and calcium at 1000 mg daily including diet and supplements. LS, FN and hip trochanter (HT) BMD were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months.
The authors found calcitonin did not improve bone mineral density in long-term use and concluded as follows: “Treatment with alendronate produced significantly greater increases in BMD than did calcitonin at both LS and HT at 6 and 12 months (p<0.001) and at FN at 12 months (p=0.003). BMD changes with calcitonin were not statistically different from placebo at LS, HT or FN at either 6 or 12 months. Adverse experiences similar between alendronate and calcitonin were difficult to interpret for calcitonin due to open-label drug. In postmenopausal women with low bone mass, alendronate produced significantly greater increases in BMD than nasal calcitonin at one year at both lumbar spine and hip.”
In a second large multicenter study, it was observed that bone mass increases with calcitonin were short-lived (Downs). The Downs study compared the efficacy of alendronate and calcitonin at doses currently prescribed in the U.S. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (n=299) were randomized at 24 US sites to either blinded alendronate 10 mg or matching placebo or open-label calcitonin 200 IU daily. All patients
Carlson Karen Cochrane
Genelabs Technologies, Inc.
Haliday Emily M.
Kam Chih-Min
Quine Intellectual Property Law Group P.C.
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