Compositions: coating or plastic – Materials or ingredients – Pigment – filler – or aggregate compositions – e.g. – stone,...
Reexamination Certificate
2000-06-19
2003-08-05
Bell, Mark L. (Department: 1755)
Compositions: coating or plastic
Materials or ingredients
Pigment, filler, or aggregate compositions, e.g., stone,...
C106S441000, C106S455000, C428S142000, C428S144000, C428S403000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06602340
ABSTRACT:
The invention relates to the use of functional pearl lustre pigments in transparent media notable for their angle-selective transmission and/or reflection properties.
Transparent thermal insulation is a technology for solar space heating. Transparent insulation materials (TIMs) combine low thermal conductivity with a high level of transmission for solar radiation. On a transparently insulated exterior wall, a TIM element is located in front of a solid wall to which a black absorber coat has been applied. This system guides the incident solar energy from the outside of a facade through a system of glass tubes brought to the wall-forming component and converted into heat. The TIM systems employed at present, although supplying good thermal insulation and energy recovery in the winter as well, have a mode of operation which nevertheless, in summer, leads to overheating of the wall and to unpleasant interior wall temperatures where there are no mechanical shading systems provided, such as roller blinds, venetian blinds, shutters, air exhaust systems, etc. In addition, the black absorber coats required for absorbing the energy restrict the decorative design options for facades.
Building facades have to date been seen only as areas for decoration; viewing facades as a useful functional surface in the context of thermal insulation promises considerable advances in terms of the insulation and heating of buildings, which is equivalent to sparing use of resources.
The sun is an inexhaustible and environmentally friendly energy source which provides us with a potential energy for heating buildings. In total, four times more energy shines on a building than is consumed as heating energy inside it.
The solar radiation which is incident on a building facade changes its angle of incidence depending on the time of day and time of year (winter/summer). In winter, the angle of incidence on a south-facing facade when the sun is at its highest (midday) is about 12°, whereas in the summer it is about 68° in Germany (depending on latitude).
The object of the present invention, then, is not only to utilize building facades as areas for decoration but also to deploy these facades as functional surfaces in regulating the heat balance of a building.
Pearl lustre pigments are no longer of interest solely for their colouring action but are increasingly being employed in functional areas. In the visible wavelength range, pearl lustre pigments exhibit selective reflection and/or transmission, properties which are responsible for the perceived colour. This wavelength-dependent reflection and/or transmission can be extended to the near infrared region and is used in part for agricultural films.
In addition, pearl lustre pigments exhibit different reflection and/or transmission depending on the angle of incidence of the incoming radiation.
A completely new functional area of use for pearl lustre pigments should therefore lie in the building sector, in facade design.
It has surprisingly now been found that transparent media comprising functional pearl lustre pigments based on platelet-shaped substrates, applied, for example, to the surface of a facade, result in angle-selective shading of the building.
The so-called functional pigments have the feature that their reflection in the visible spectral range is low under an almost perpendicular angle of incidence (e.g. up to about 12° deviation from the perpendicular, corresponding to winter conditions) while at a flat angle of incidence (i.e. up to about 68° deviation from the perpendicular, corresponding to summer conditions) it is large.
With appropriate application of these functional pigments to a facade it is possible to achieve transmission of the solar radiation, and hence heating of the facade, in winter but reflection of the solar radiation, i.e. shading of the facade, in summer.
The invention therefore provides transparent media comprising pearl lustre pigments based on platelet-shaped substrates having angle-selective reflection and/or transmission properties, characterized in that the proportion of the solar transmission level in summer (angle of incidence of solar radiation from 55 to 70°) to the solar transmission level in winter (angle of incidence of solar radiation from 5 to 20°) is in the range of 50-85%.
The angle-selective properties of the functional pigments in the transparent media are concentrated on the spectral range of solar radiation, i.e. from 0.25 to 2.5 &mgr;m. Within this wavelength range it is possible to measure the directional hemispherical degrees of transmission and reflection, for example in glass supports to which the functional pigments have been applied. From these measurements it is possible, by weighting them with the solar spectrum and/or with the light sensitivity of the human eye, to calculate solar or visual, respectively, degrees of transmission and reflection in accordance with DIN 67507.
DE-A-195 01 114 discloses a process which uses simple measures to incorporate the direct and diffuse solar irradiation present in winter into the heat balance of a house in a positive manner. The prior art describes a coating material which can be formulated to be reflective in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and, by virtue of a pigment mixture, absorbent in the near infrared region. Unlike the present invention, in DE-A-195 01 114 only the solar irradiation present in winter has a positive effect on the heat balance of a house. In this context, however, it is disadvantageous that the much more intense solar irradiation in spring, summer and autumn may cause overheating of the house which can be countered only by air exhaust measures. The pigmented transparent medium in accordance with the invention has as its objective not only to utilize the solar irradiation in winter but also to protect buildings against summer overheating.
In the present invention, suitable functional pigments are all those pearl lustre pigments known to the person skilled in the art which have angle-selective reflection and/or transmission properties and whose ratio of the solar transmission level in summer (angle of incidence of the solar radiation from 55 to 70°) to the solar transmission level in winter (angle of incidence of the solar radiation from 5 to 20°) is within the range from 50 to 85%, preferably less than 80% and, in particular, not more than 75%.
To assist the angle-selective transmission and/or reflection properties of the functional pearl lustre pigments it is advisable to apply the platelet-shaped pigments to a textured substrate which in turn defines the orientation of the platelets. Given appropriate alignment of the pigment platelets, the angle-selective effect is efficiently intensified. The texturing can be achieved, for example, by applying the pigmented transparent medium to an embossed film or by embossing the transparent medium itself.
The angle-selective properties of the functional pigments are only manifested in the transparent medium when the pigment is employed in amounts of from 5 to 70% by weight, preferably from 10 to 50% by weight and, in particular, from 30 to 40% by weight. The concentration in which they are used is dependent, however, on the transparent medium employed.
Preferred functional platelet-shaped pigments are those based on metal oxide platelets, examples being those of iron oxides or alumina, of layered silicates, such as natural or synthetic mica, talc, kaolin, SiO
2
flakes, glass or other silicatic materials, which are coated with one or more metal oxide coats. Metal oxides used in this context include both colourless metal oxides of high refractive index, such as titanium dioxide or zirconium dioxide, and coloured metal oxides, such as chromium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, cobalt oxide and, in particular, iron oxides, such as Fe
2
O
3
or Fe
3
O
4
, for example. These platelet-shaped pigments are known, and many of them are obtainable commercially and/or can be prepared by standard techniques known to the person skilled in the art. Examples of suitable pearl lustre pigments are d
Brownfield Alexandra
Hechler Wolfgang
Pfaff Gerhard
Schank Christina
Weitzel Joachim
Bell Mark L.
Hailey Patricia L.
Merck Patent GmbH
Millen White Zelano & Branigan P.C.
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