Surgery – Diagnostic testing – Cardiovascular
Reexamination Certificate
2002-05-28
2003-12-16
Hindenburg, Max F. (Department: 3736)
Surgery
Diagnostic testing
Cardiovascular
C600S454000, C600S453000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06663571
ABSTRACT:
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is related to cerebral blood flow velocity monitoring method and system, specifically a transcranial Doppler (TCD) device for odor matching and odor selection.
In the field of forensics, odor evaluation can make important contributions in both prosecution and defense of criminal cases. The use of blood hounds and other scent following dogs to identify individual people or their scent trails in the environment on the basis of a previous offered reference scent article such as handkerchief, hat, and other items of clothing has been described by A. E. Taslitz, in an article published in
Hastings Law Journal
, volume 42, page 15. (1990). Canine scent identification evidence is usually presented in court to suggest the unique identification of an accused individual in the same way that finger prints are used as discussed in an article by I. L. Brisbin Jr et al., published in
Science
, volume 290, page 1093, (2000). Canine scent identification evidence is premised on the alleged factuality of the “individual odor theory,” which hold that each person has a unique scent that can be identified by the dog and related back to a specific individual. Courts have accepted the performance of canine scent identification, even when it is claimed that they are detecting the scent of a specific individual at the scene of a crime nearly 2 years after the crime was committed as discussed in the case State v. Eugene Wiley Case No. 8001659, 18th Judicial Circuit, Brevard County Fla. (1982). However, juries have found individuals guilty almost solely on the basis of dog evidence subsequently shown to be unreliable, if not fraudulent as in the case State v. Kevin Roscoe, CR-127656, 11-20-90, Maricopa County, Arizona Superior Court, Judge Paulson. It is therefore imperative that further research studies of the abilities of such scenting dogs be undertaken. Especially, the ability to scent match odors from individuals to handled objects, under controlled laboratory conditions as described in articles by G. A. A. Schoon, J. C. deBruin published in
Forensic Science International
, volume 69, page 111, (1994); and G. A. A. Schoon,
Applied Animal Behavioral Science
, volume 49, page 257, (1996).
However, in some studies dogs have proven capable of performing such scent matching tasks at levels greater than chance, their error rates are seldom more than 10 to 20% as discussed in an article by I. L. Brisbin Jr. and S. N. Austad,
Animal Behavior
volume 46, page 191, (1993). Errors may also be introduced by the interpretation of the behavioral response of the dog. What is probably lacking is an objective physiologic correlate of scent matching odors in canine detectives. The latter is the subject matter of the present invention.
There is thus ample evidence that in primates olfactory memory has several unique characteristics, the most striking being its resistance to decay over long intervals, suggesting a specialized memory system. However, investigations into the neural substrates of human olfactory memory have been limited. Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown significant regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) increases during olfactory stimulation: unilateral in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and bilaterally in the inferior frontal and temporal lobes (piriform cortex) as described in an article by L. A. Dade, et al. entitled “Human brain function during odor encoding and recognition: a PET study,” published in
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
, volume 855, pages 572-574, (1998).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,298,263 describes an apparatus and method for odor selection to match a visual and auditory stimulus while monitoring electrical brain activity preferably event related potentials (ERPs) using electroencephalography (EEG). In accordance with '263 patent, spontaneous EEG has been used to show correlation between psychometric properties of odor and spontaneous brain activity in real time following olfactory events. Furthermore, rCBF changes associated with olfactory sensing has been described in an article by L. A. Dade, et al. entitled “Human brain function during odor encoding and recognition: a PET study,” published in
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
, volume 855, pages 572-574 (1998). rCBI has been shown to correlate with cerebral blood flow velocity measurements monitored using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) as described in a book by R. Aaslid, entitled “Transcranial Doppler Sonography,” published in Wien, by Springer-Verlag (1986).
One object of the present invention is to perform odor matching tasks in primates. The use of blood hounds and other scent following dogs to identify individual people or their scent trails in the environment on the basis of a previously offered reference scent article such as handkerchief hat, and other items of clothing as described by A. E. Taslitz in an article published in
Hastings Law Journal
, volume 42, page 15, (1990). The cerebral arteries in dogs could be evaluated using TFCD in much the same manner as in humans as described in a book by R. Aaslid, entitled “Transcranial Doppler Sonography” published in Wien, by Springer-Verlag (1986). Odor matching tasks in canines could be used in forensic analysis of crime scenes as described by A. E. Taslitz. in an article published in
Hastings Law Journal
, volume 42, page 15, (1990).
A further object of the present invention is its use in the design of fragrance. It is increasingly important that fragrances be designed to evoke a specific “emotional content.” The desired emotional content is a product of brain physiologic response more specifically induced lateralization of rCBF. In other words, the anatomy and behavioral features of olfactory (smell) processing suggest that hedonically (pleasantness-unpleasantness) valenced olfactory stimuli may be tested. In an example described in an article by D. H. Zald and J. V. Pardc entitled “Emotional olfaction, and the human amygadala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation,” published in
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
, volume 94, No. 8, pages 4119-4124 (1977), exposure to highly aversive (punishing) odorant produced strong rCBF increases in both amygadala and in the left OFC. Exposure to less aversive odorants produced rCBF increases in the OFC but n
Hindenburg Max F.
Natnithithadha Navin
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