Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Enzyme or coenzyme containing – Hydrolases
Patent
1997-04-07
2000-10-17
Naff, David M.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Enzyme or coenzyme containing
Hydrolases
424438, 424442, 426 53, 426 54, 426 61, 426635, 426807, 435200, 4352521, 435822, A61K 3847, A23K 1165, A23L 128, C12N 924
Patent
active
061327166
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the use of an enzyme as an additive for an animal feed, and in particular to such a use where the enzyme is thermostable so that it does not suffer a significant decline of its activity during relatively high temperature feed processing. The invention also provides a feed additive and a cereal-based feed including such a thermostable enzyme.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Improvements in animal feeds to enable animals to digest the feeds more efficiently are constantly being sought. One of the main concerns is to improve the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of a feed without increasing its cost per unit weight. The FCR of a feed is the ratio of the amount of feed consumed relative to the weight gain of the animal. A low FCR indicates that a given amount of feed results in a growing animal gaining proportionately more weight. This means that the animal is able to utilise the feed more efficiently. One way in which the FCR can be reduced is to improve its digestibility by an animal thereby increasing the nutritional benefit which the animal can derive from it.
There are various constraints on the digestibility of the nutritional components of a feed such as its starch, fat, protein and amino acid content. These constraints include: is due, at least in part, to soluble non-starch polysaccharides such as mixed-linked .beta.-glucans and arabinoxylans; particularly those of the aleurone layer in cereals. Such entrapment is caused by the high levels of non-starch polysaccharides in the cell walls of cereals which are relatively resistant to break-down by the animal's digestive system. This prevents the nutrients entrapped within the cells from being nutritionally available to the animal; and the gut microbial population particularly in a young animal.
The above problems which interfere with digestibility are particularly noticeable in the case of cereal-based diets, such as those having a high wheat content.
Due to the problem of poor digestibility of nutrients from the feed, it is normally necessary to formulate feeds to contain higher levels of energy and protein providing materials in order to meet the nutritional demands of animals.
There is now a substantial body of evidence that incorporating certain (supplementary) enzymes in cereal-based animal feeds can be advantageous in reducing the viscosity of material present in the animal's gut. This reduction can be achieved by enzymes such as xylanases which hydrolyse soluble xylans thereby reducing digesta viscosity which is an important constraint on the process of digestion.
The xylanases which are added as supplements must be stable and active at the pH and temperature conditions found within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the target animal. If they are not stable and active when exposed to such in vivo conditions, then they will not be able to reduce digesta viscosity to any significant extent. It is presently known to include xylanases as a supplement in an animal feed derived from fungi such as Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus niger and Humicola insolens.
Bedford and Classen (The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 122, pp 560-569) disclose that there is a significant correlation between digesta viscosity measured in vivo in the case of broiler chickens and bodyweight gain and FCR values. In the case of wheat and rye-based diets fed to poultry, it was shown that as much as 70-80% of the variations in the weight gain and FCR are based upon differences in intestinal viscosity alone. This highlights the importance of digesta viscosity in cereal-based feeds containing high levels of soluble arabinoxylans. As digesta viscosity increases, it reduces the digestibility of all nutrients by interfering with the diffusion of pancreatic enzymes, substrates and the end products of the digestion process.
It has been found that the inclusion of a xylanase in an animal feed helps to reduce the digesta viscosity in livestock. As a result of this, the animal's ability to digest the feed is increased, the rate of bodywei
REFERENCES:
patent: 5395765 (1995-03-01), Dahlberg et al.
patent: 5437992 (1995-08-01), Bodie et al.
patent: 5683911 (1997-11-01), Bodie et al.
Irwin, et al., Microbiology, vol. 60, No. 3, Mar. 1994, pp. 763-770.
Bodie Elizabeth A.
Clarkson Kathleen A.
Cuevas William A.
Morgan Andrew J.
Genencor International Inc.
Marcus-Wyner Lynn
Naff David M.
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