Measuring and testing – Specimen stress or strain – or testing by stress or strain... – By loading of specimen
Reexamination Certificate
2002-11-26
2003-11-18
Lefkowitz, Edward (Department: 2855)
Measuring and testing
Specimen stress or strain, or testing by stress or strain...
By loading of specimen
Reexamination Certificate
active
06647800
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to torque and strain sensor, and more particularly this invention relates to a temperature insensitive fiber-optic torque and strain sensor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fiber-optic strain sensors have been developed using a wide variety of approaches, including fiber Bragg grating sensors [A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber Grating Sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(8), 1442-1463 (1997)], interferometric (Mach-Zehnder and Michelson) sensors [K. A. Murphy, W. V. Miller, T. A. Tran, A. M. Vengsarkar, and R. O. Claus, “Miniaturized fiber-optic Michelson-type interferometric sensors,” Appl. Opt. 30(34), 5063 5067 (1991)], white-light interferometers [S. C. Kaddu, S. F. Collins, and D. J. Booth, “Multiplexed intrinsic optical fibre Fabry-Perot temperature and strain sensors addressed using white-light interferometry,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 10, 416-420 (1999)], intrinsic polarimetric sensors based on polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber [W. J. Bock and W. Urbanczyk, “Temperature desensitization of a fiber-optic pressure sensor by simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature,” Appl. Opt. 37(18), 3897-3901 (1998)], extrinsic polarimetric sensors [C. S. Sun, L. Wang, Y. Wang, and J. Lin, “Design of a high-sensitivity photoelastic optical fiber pressure sensor: a differential approach,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 9(7) 976-978 (1997)], and extrinsic Fabry-Perot sensors [K. A. Murphy, M. F. Gunther, R. O. Claus, T. A. Tran, and M. S. Miller, “Optical fiber sensors for measurement of strain and acoustic waves,” Smart Sensing, Processing, and Instrumentation, Proc. SPIE Vol. 1918, 110-120 (1993)]. To varying degrees, all of these sensor types are plagued with the problem of cross-sensitivity to temperature. For example, polarimetric sensors that employ PM fiber exhibit a thermal apparent strain sensitivity on the order of 50 &mgr;&egr;/° C. [T. Valis, D. Hogg, R. M. Measures, “Thermal apparent-strain sensitivity of surface adhered, fiber-optic strain gauges,” Appl. Opt. 31(34), 7178-7179 (1992)] and for other sensor types 10 &mgr;&egr;/° C. is typical [W. Jin, W. C. Michie, G. Thursby, M. Konstantaki, and B. Culshaw, “Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature: error analysis,” Opt. Eng. 36(2), 598-608 (1997)].
U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,794 issued to Discenzo is directed to a photoelastic torque sensor that uses a photoelastic polymer detector in conjunction with a photoelastic image sensor (CCD camera) and a neural network. The photoelastic polymer sheet is bonded to the component being monitored. The CCD camera receives the phase shifted light signal from the photoelastic sheet and generates a electrical signals indicative of the phase shift produced in the beam reflected from the sensor sheet. The neural network then calculates the torque based on these signals.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,086 issued to Redner discloses a method and device for measuring stress and strain in a thin film by passing a multi-wavelength beam through the thin film and then splitting the transmitted signal into different spatially separated wavelength beams. The intensities of the beams at each wavelength are analysed to produce a measure of the strain in the film.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,123,158 issued to Reytblatt discloses a photoelastic strain gauge comprising a photoelastic polymer sheet coated on the opposing planar faces with reflective coatings. This produces a waveguide-like structure so that light is multiply reflected along the polymer sheet before it exits and this acts to produce an amplification of the visual patterns reflective of the strain produced in the photoelastic sheet from the underlying object.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,393 issued to Maris discloses an optical method for measuring strain in thin films that involves pumping the thin film with optical pump pulses and at different time delays applying optical probe pulses and detecting variations in the transient response to the probe pulses arising in part due to the propagation of a strain pulse in the film.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,945 issued to Morris et al. discloses a method of sensing strain using a photoluminescent polymer coating. The method is predicated on the relative changes or competition between radiative and non-radiative decay mechanisms of excited photoluminescent probe molecules in the coating in the presence and absence of strain in the coating. Regions of the coating under greater strain due to strain in the underlying substrate show up as brighter areas in the processed images.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,693,889 and 5,728,944 issued to Nadolink disclose a method of measuring surface stress and uses a wafer of single crystal silicon which must be embedded in the material being monitored so the silicon surface is even with the substrate surface. Fringe patterns in the light reflected off the silicon surface are indicative of the stress present at the surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,368 issued to Brown discloses an optical strain gauge comprising a diffraction grating applied to a surface and a light from a source having at least two frequencies is reflected off the surface and the phase differences between the beams at the two wavelengths is related to the strain in the surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,355 issued to Noel et al. is directed to a superlattice strain gauge using piezoelectric superlattice deposited onto the substrate being monitored. Strain in the underlying substrate will add internal strain present in the superlattice which significantly changes the optical properties among the different superlattice layers and these changes are monitored by the light probe.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,347,748 issued to Pierson discloses a torque transducer for measuring torque on a rotating shaft. The device is based on attaching optically flat mirrors to the shaft and reflecting a laser beam off each of the flats. The relative phase displacements of the beams is indicative of the torque on the shaft.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,964 issued to Nelson et al. discloses an optical stress sensing system that is based on directing three separate polarized light beams along three different optical axes in a single photoelastic sensing element. The applied stresses in the three directions are determined independently, and through the use of sum-difference techniques applied to the output signals, the results can be made insensitive to fluctuations in light source intensity and to losses in the optical fibers that deliver the light.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,358 issued to Nelson discloses an optical differential strain gauge in which a light beam traverses two photoelastic elements in series. The two are secured on opposite faces of the test specimen so that the specimen transfers tensile strain to one and shear strain to the other. A fiber optic polarization rotator is inserted in the optical path between the two elements so that the system measures the difference between the transferred tensile and shear strains and environmental effects common to the two elements cancel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,791 issued to Spillman discloses a stress sensor in which a light beam passes sequentially through a voltage controlled wave plate and a photoelastic element that is bonded to a test specimen. The optical powers in the two polarizations at ±45 degrees to the applied stress axis are detected and the resulting voltages applied to a difference amplifier. The amplifier output is fed back to the wave plate to null out the net phase retardation. The feedback signal is used as measure of applied stress.
A great deal of research has been devoted to developing schemes to compensate for temperature dependence or to perform simultaneous measurements of both strain and temperature [8, J. D. Jones, “Review of fibre sensor techniques for temperature-strain discrimination,” in 12
th
International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Vol. 16, 36-39, OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Soc
De La Puente Gonzalo
Jessop Paul E.
D. C.
Hill & Schumacher
Lefkowitz Edward
McMaster University
Schumacher Lynn C.
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