Data processing: database and file management or data structures – Database design – Data structure types
Reexamination Certificate
1999-06-11
2002-06-11
Choules, Jack (Department: 2177)
Data processing: database and file management or data structures
Database design
Data structure types
C340S539230, C340S573100, C340S870030
Reexamination Certificate
active
06405213
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to recording the movements of persons, specifically subjects under court ordered supervision. More particularly, this invention relates to correlating crime incident data with the history of a subject's locations by using an all body worn, non-removable, tamper resistant location recording apparatus. The location recording apparatus that when integrated with a communications network, law enforcement information systems, criminal justice and corrections information systems and a central correlation data base system, can perform correlation data processing of crime incidents with a subject's location at the time of the crime incident. This invention further relates to a crime incident and subject location correlation data base system that supports law enforcement and criminal justice investigative queries matching a subject's location history with location and time correlation query criteria. This invention further relates to an all body worn, low power location recording apparatus that when integrated with a residence interface unit attached to a land line telephone at the subject's residence or at locations in the community, transfers the location movement history stored in the subject's location recording apparatus to a central crime incident and subject location correlation data base.
2. Description of the Background Art
Currently, based on a 1997 U.S. Department of Justice report, there are over 3 million adults under court ordered community supervision on either parole or probation. A 1992 study by Langin and Cunniff found that 43% of felons sentenced to community supervision were arrested within 36 months for a new felony offense.
A more comprehensive study was released by the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics in 1995, which reviewed the criminal histories of 300,000 inmates incarcerated in 1991 that were previously on parole or probation. The study documented the crimes committed during the 13 to 17 months prior to their incarceration. While on probation or parole, the inmates murdered 13,200 people, raped 11,600 women and 1,300 men, robbed 39,500 people, assaulted 19,200 victims, burglarized 39,600 homes and businesses and stole 7,900 motor vehicles. These are the resolved crimes. The number of unresolved crimes is unknown, but it is estimated that as much as 30% of all crime is committed by subjects under community supervision. It is therefore no surprise that when crimes are committed in a community, law enforcement's prime suspects include subjects (released criminal offenders) under community supervision. Law enforcement investigative manpower is therefore focused on establishing the location of these subjects during the time of the criminal incident.
Previously, monitoring the location of a person or subject, such as an offender, has been limited to knowing when the offender is at home. The apparatus used for “house arrest” or “electronic monitoring” uses a body worn, non-removable, tamper resistant radio frequency transmitter attached to a subject which communicates to a field monitoring device (FMD) at the subject's residence. The FMD communicates with a central data base system using the subject's telephone line to report when the subject is within a hundred feet of the FMD, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,432, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Once the subject leaves the immediate area of the FMD, the location of the subject is unknown.
Other techniques for locating a subject at a predetermined area utilizes the combination of caller identification and voice recognition. The phone number of the predetermined area is known, a voice signature sample of the subject is captured and voice signature with caller identification is matched, so as to locate the subject at the predetermined location, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,170,426, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. During the time between subject call-in reporting, the location of the subject is unknown.
Currently, determining the location of a person or subject, such as an offender, is possible outside the confines of their respective residence. This apparatus can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,757, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. This apparatus employed on the method is a tamper resistant body worn ankle wireless transmitter that communicates with an associated tamper resistant portable tracking apparatus. The portable tracking apparatus determines its location using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The portable tracking apparatus communicates with a central data base system using wireless communications when portable and land-line communications when placed in a charging stand at the subject's residence or work location. Algorithms in the offender's portable tracking apparatus executing on the processor compare the offender's current location against a schedule of location rules stored in the memory of the offender's portable tracking apparatus. The purpose of a two part tracking device is to place the low power transmitter tag device as the body worn component and the high power consumption devices (i.e. conventional GPS receiver card, processor and memory card and wireless transceiver and data modem card) as an integrated portable unit that requires periodic recharging. The body worn transmitter tag device does not require battery recharging or replacement for extended time periods. If the subject forgets to transport the portable tracking device as the subject's location changes (i.e. from home to work), then the ability to locate the subject is lost. GPS signals are also attenuated by multistory buildings and underground structures which also prevents a subject from being located until the subject emerges from the structure.
Other techniques for locating a subject outside of the confines of their residence or outside a predetermined area use radio frequency triangulation based on ground based tower infrastructure. The principle is based on the strength of a transmitted signal from the subject's apparatus being measured at a minimum of three towers in order to triangulate the position of the subject's apparatus as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,293,642, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Another technique uses time of arrival (TOA) of a spread spectrum signal as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,583, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Since both locating techniques use a subject transmitter and require a tower based infrastructure, once the subject leaves the area of tower coverage or the subject's transmitted signal is weakened by being inside structures, the ability to locate the subject is lost.
Another approach to obtaining location, health and status is to poll the offender's and victim's portable tracking apparatus by placing a cellular phone call to the apparatuses which can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,390, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Polling the body worn device described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,148 (the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein) is accomplished by a dedicated ground based wireless tower network. These centralized polling approaches consume power by frequently using either traditional cellular communications or dedicated wireless communications that requires the receiver in the body worn or powered device to remain powered to respond to the poll. This is especially the case in higher risk subjects that have a history of predatory crimes.
All of the location techniques described above are focused on immediate reporting of violations of house arrest, inclusion areas or exclusion areas. These systems are either limited in the ability to locate a subject outside a predetermined area, loose signals required to locate the subject as they move about authorized a
Frost Gregory A.
Layson Hoyt M.
Choules Jack
Holland & Knight LLP
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