Multiplex communications – Pathfinding or routing – Through a circuit switch
Reexamination Certificate
2000-09-25
2004-05-04
Hsu, Alpus H. (Department: 2665)
Multiplex communications
Pathfinding or routing
Through a circuit switch
C370S389000, C370S422000, C709S238000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06731631
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to data routing systems and, more particularly, to routing packets through a network switch.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Ethernet is a widely-installed local area network technology. Specified in a standard, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.3, Ethernet was originally developed by Xerox and then developed further by Xerox, DEC, and Intel. An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. A commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and provide transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps. Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol. Fast Ethernet or 100BASE-T provides transmission speeds up to 100 megabits per second and may be used for LAN backbone systems, supporting workstations with 10BASE-T cards. Gigabit Ethernet provides an even higher level of backbone support at 1000 megabits per second (1 gigabit or 1 billion bits per second).
Fast Ethernet is a local area network transmission standard that provides a data rate of 100 megabits per second (referred to as “100BASE-T”). Workstations with existing 10 megabit per second (10BASE-T) Ethernet card can be connected to a Fast Ethernet network. (The 100 megabits per second is a shared data rate; input to each workstation is constrained by the 10 Mbps card). Gigabit Ethernet is a local area network transmission standard that provides a data rate of 1 billion bits per second (one gigabit). Gigabit Ethernet is defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard. Gigabit Ethernet may be used as an enterprise backbone. Gigabit Ethernet may be carried on optical fibers (with very short distances possible on copper media). Existing Ethernet LANs with 10 and 100 Mbps cards can feed into a Gigabit Ethernet backbone.
Data may be sent over a packet switching network using digital signals. In a packet switching network, users can share the same paths at the same time and the route a data unit travels can be varied as conditions change. In packet-switching, a message is divided into packets, which are units of a certain number of bytes. The network addresses of the sender and of the destination are added to the packet. Each network point looks at the packet to see where to send it next. Packets in the same message may travel different routes and may not arrive in the same order that they were sent. At the destination, the packets in a message are collected and reassembled into the original message.
Layering is the organization of programming into separate steps that are performed sequentially, defined by specific interface for passing the result of each step to the next program or layer until the overall function, such as the sending or receiving of some amount of information, is completed. Communication programs are often layered. The reference model for communication programs, Open System Interconnection (OSI) is a layered set of protocols in which two programs, one at either end of a communications exchange, use an identical set of layers. OSI includes of seven layers, each reflecting a different function that has to be performed in order for program-to-program communication to take place between computers. Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is an example of a two-layer set of programs that provide transport and network address functions for Internet communication.
A switch is a internetworking device that selects a path or circuit for sending a unit of data to its next destination. A switch may also include the function of a router and determine the route and specifically what adjacent network point the data should be sent to. Relative to the layered Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model, a switch may be associated with the data link layer—Layer
2
. Switches may also be capable of performing the routing functions of the network layer—Layer
3
. Layer
3
switches are also sometimes called IP switches.
The Data Link Layer of OSI—Layer
2
—is concerned with moving data across the physical links in the network. In a network, a switch may be a device that redirects data messages at the Layer
2
level, using the destination Media Access Control (MAC) address to determine where to direct the message. The Data-Link Layer contains two sublayers that are described in the IEEE-802 LAN standards: Media Access Control (MAC), and Logical Link Control (LLC). The Data Link Layer assures that an initial connection has been set up, divides output data into data frames, and handles the acknowledgements from a receiver that the data arrived successfully. It also ensures that incoming data has been received successfully by analyzing bit patterns at special places in the frames.
The Network Layer of OSI—Layer
3
— is concerned with knowing the address of the neighboring nodes in the network, selecting routes and quality of service, and recognizing and forwarding to the transport layer incoming messages for local host domains. A switch may be a Layer
3
device and perform layer
3
functions. The IP address is a layer
3
address.
Switching, does by its nature, involves transient data flows. At Gigabit speeds, these transients occur extremely fast, and in a highly random manner. In the past, it has been difficult to determine in sufficiently fast enough speeds which components of a switch data flows should be directed to so as maximize data flow through the switch and reduce blocking traffic in the switch.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A system, method and article of manufacture are provided for updating a switching table in a switch fabric. In general, one or more status packets are received by a switch fabric component without handshaking between the transmitting source(s) and the receiving switch fabric component. Each status packet includes information relating to a status of an output port. A switching table is then updated based on the status information of the received status packet.
In an aspect of the present invention, the status packets may be received via paths/channels/conduits dedicated for transmitting the status packets and separate from paths dedicated for transmitting Ethernet packets through the switch fabric system. In another aspect of the present invention, the status packets may be received periodically and the switching table may be updated in real time.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a combined status packet may be generated based on the combined status information of the received status packets. The combined status packet may then be transmitted to other switch fabric components. In one aspect of such an embodiment, the combined status packet may be transmitted from an outer layer switch fabric component to a middle layer switch fabric component.
In one aspect of the present invention, the received status packet may be generated from a port controller. In a further aspect of the present invention, the received status packet may be generated by a switch fabric component. In yet another aspect of the present invention, the status packet may comprise 32 bits of data with each bit being associated with a port of the switch fabric component.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other features, aspects and advantages are better understood from the following detailed description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
FIG. 1
is a schematic block diagram of a multi-port switch architecture in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2
is a schematic block diagram of another multi-port switch architecture in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3
is a schematic block diagram of a gigabit up-linking in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4
is a schematic block diagram of an architecture of a port controller in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5
is a flowchart of a process for preparing a datagram for transmission through a switch fabric in accordance with an emb
Chang You-Sung
Kang Moo-Kyung
Lee Seung-Wang
Yi Ju-Hwan
Hsu Alpus H.
Paion Company, Limited
Squire Sanders & Dempsey L.L.P.
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