Electrical computers and digital processing systems: multicomput – Computer network managing – Computer network access regulating
Reexamination Certificate
2000-09-19
2004-09-14
Alam, Hosain (Department: 2155)
Electrical computers and digital processing systems: multicomput
Computer network managing
Computer network access regulating
C709S218000, C709S217000, C370S230000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06792461
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to computer networks, and more particularly to a method and system, in an Internet Protocol (IP) network, of enforcing the dispatching of Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams on a plurality of servers according to a defined policy.
2. Description of the Related Art
Internet
The Internet is a global network of computers and computer networks (the ‘Net’). The Internet connects computers that use a variety of different operating systems or languages, including UNIX, DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and others. To facilitate and allow the communication among these various systems and languages, the Internet uses a language referred to as TCP/IP (‘Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol’). TCP/IP protocol supports three basic applications on the Internet:
transmitting and receiving electronic mail,
logging into remote computers (the ‘Telnet’), and transferring files and programs from one computer to another (‘FTP’ or ‘File Transfer Protocol’).
TCP/IP
The TCP/IP protocol suite is named for two of the most important protocols, a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and an Internet Protocol (IP).
Another name for it is the Internet Protocol Suite. The more common term TCP/IP is used to refer to the entire protocol suite. The first design goal of TCP/IP is to build an interconnection of networks that provide universal communication services: an internetwork, or Internet. Each physical network has its own technology dependent communication interface, in the form of a programming interface that provides basic communication functions running between the physical network and the user applications. The architecture of the physical networks is hidden from the user. The second goal of TCP/IP is to interconnect different physical networks to form what appears to the user to be one large network.
TCP is a transport layer protocol providing end to end data transfer. It is responsible for providing a reliable exchange of information between 2 computer systems. Multiple applications can be supported simultaneously over one TCP connection between two computer systems.
IP is an internetwork layer protocol hiding the physical network architecture below it. Part of communicating messages between computers is a routing function that ensures that messages will be correctly directed within the network to be delivered to their destination. IP provides this routing function. An IP message is called an IP Datagram.
Application-level protocols are used on top of TCP/IP to transfer user and application data from one origin computer system to one destination computer system. Such application level protocols are, for instance, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet, Gopher, and Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
IP Router
A ‘Router’ is a computer that interconnects two networks and forwards messages from one network to the other. Routers are able to select the best transmission path between networks. The basic routing function is implemented in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack, so any host (or computer) or workstation running TCP/IP over more than one interface could, in theory, forward messages between networks. Because IP implements the basic routing functions, the term ‘IP Router’ is often used. However, dedicated network hardware devices called ‘Routers’ can provide more sophisticated routing functions than the minimum functions implemented in IP.
World Wide Web
With the increasing size and complexity of the Internet, tools have been developed to help find information on the network, often called navigators or navigation systems. Navigation systems that have been developed include standards such as Archie, Gopher and WAIS. The World Wide Web (‘WWW’ or ‘the Web’) is a recent and superior navigation system. The Web is
an Internet-based navigation system,
an information distribution and management system for the Internet, and
a dynamic format for communicating on the Web.
The Web seamlessly, for the user, integrates multiple information formats, including still images, text, audio and video. A user on the Web using a graphical user interface (‘GUI’, pronounced ‘gooey’) may transparently communicate with different host computers on the system, different system applications (including FTP and Telnet), and different information formats for files and documents including, for example, text, sound, and graphics.
Hypermedia
The Web uses hypertext and hypermedia. Hypertext is a subset of hypermedia and refers to computer-based ‘documents’ in which readers move from one place to another in a document, or to another document, in a non-linear manner. To do this, the Web uses a client-server architecture. The Web servers enable the user to access hypertext and hypermedia information through the Web and the user's computer. (The user's computer is referred to as a client computer of the Web Server computers.) The clients send requests to the Web servers, which react, search, and respond. The Web allows client application software to request and receive hypermedia documents (including formatted text, audio, video, and graphics) with hypertext link capabilities to other hypermedia documents, from a Web file server.
The Web, then, can be viewed as a collection of document files residing on Web host computers that are interconnected by hyperlinks using networking protocols, forming a virtual ‘Web’ that spans the Internet.
Uniform Resource Locators
A resource of the Internet is unambiguously identified by an Uniform Resource Locator (URL), which is a pointer to a particular resource at a particular location. A URL specifies the protocol used to access a server (e.g. HTTP, FTP, . . . ), the name of the server, and the location of a file on that server.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Each Web page that appears on client monitors of the Web may appear as a complex document that integrates, for example, text, images, sounds, and animation. Each such page may also contain hyperlinks to other Web documents so that a user at a client computer using a mouse may click on icons and may activate hyperlink jumps to a new page (which is a graphical representation of another document file) on the same or a different Web server.
A Web server is a software program on a Web host computer that answers requests from Web clients, typically over the Internet. All Web servers use a language or protocol to communicate with Web clients which is called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (‘HTTP’). All types of data can be exchanged among Web servers and clients using this protocol, including Hyper Text Markup Language (‘HTML’), graphics, sound, and video. HTML describes the layout, contents, and hyperlinks of the documents and pages. Web clients when browsing:
convert user specified commands into HTTP GET requests, connect to the appropriate Web server to get information, and
wait for a response. The response from the server can be the requested document or an error message.
After the document or an error message is returned, the connection between the Web client and the Web server is closed.
The first version of HTTP is a stateless protocol. That is, with HTTP there is no continuous connection between each client and each server. The Web client using HTTP receives a response as HTML data or other data. This description applies to version 1.0 of HTTP protocol, while the new version 1.1 breaks this barrier of stateless protocol by keeping the connection between the server and client alive under certain conditions.
Browser
After receipt, the Web client formats and presents the data or activates an ancillary application such a sound player to present the data. To do this, the server or the client determines the various types of data received. The Web Client is also referred to as the Web Browser, since it in fact browses documents retrieved from the Web Server.
Domain Names
The host or computers' names (like www.entreprise.com) are translated into numeric Internet addresses (like 194.56.78.3), and vice versa, by using a method called DNS (‘Domain Name Service’). DNS i
Alam Hosain
Bruckart Ben
Dillon & Yudell LLP
McConnell Daniel E.
Pivnichny John R.
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