Multiplex communications – Data flow congestion prevention or control – Flow control of data transmission through a network
Reexamination Certificate
1999-09-17
2004-08-24
Nguyen, Chau (Department: 2663)
Multiplex communications
Data flow congestion prevention or control
Flow control of data transmission through a network
C370S252000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06781956
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to the field of congestion management for networks, and more specifically to a congestion control algorithm for allocating, among competing packetized data from different ports in a distributed control environment such as a channel bank, priority for transmission through a high bandwidth link. A typical such link is a time division multiplexing link, with its time division multiplexing scheme ignored for communicating packetized data.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the early 1970s, telephone service began using a time division multiplexed (TDM) communications system, known as D4, that used a channel bank to multiplex and communicate time division multiplexed (TDM) voice signals over a communications link, such as a T1 link. The channel bank typically carried 24 digital voice signals between central telephone offices using only one pair of wires in each direction instead of the normal 24 pairs of wires required to communicate the 24 voice signals in analog form. This capability was achieved by digitizing and time division multiplexing the 24 analog voice signals into 24 channels or timeslots. In the TDM system, each of the channels is allocated a predetermined, equal amount of time (corresponding to a predetermined bandwidth) within each frame of the T1 link to communicate any data. Each channel is always allocated its predetermined amount of time, even if that channel has no voice data to transmit. In addition to communicating voice signals, these systems can also communicate digital data because the D4 system was designed to handle digital data. The systems are still widely used today to carry voice traffic between central telephone offices. Therefore, the communications hardware and the network necessary for this D4 system are readily available.
A typical time division multiplexed (TDM) system, such as the D4 system, has a data rate of 1.544 million bit per second (Mbps) wherein timeslots of 64 Kbps are fixedly allocated to each channel unit. The 1.544 Mbps data rate is typically known as a T1 carrier.
FIG. 1
is a block diagram of a conventional time division multiplexed (TDM) communications system channel bank
20
. The channel bank communicates a plurality of signals from a plurality of users over a communications link wherein each of the users has a specified timeslot assigned to it, in which it can communicate data over the communications link. The TDM system shown is a D4 channel bank, but the invention is not limited to a particular type of channel bank.
The D4 channel bank
20
can be used by a plurality of users
22
connected to a plurality of channel units
24
-
28
, and the plurality of channel units can be known as a channel bank. In the D4 system shown, there are a maximum of twenty-four users and a maximum of twenty-four channel units so that there is a one-to-one correspondence between channel units and users. As described below in more detail, each channel unit has a fixed 8-bit timeslot assigned to it, in which that channel can communicate data. Each channel unit can communicate analog voice signals or digital data signals, as described below. For transmission, the data generated by any channel can be sampled eight thousand (8000) times per second so that eight thousand 8-bit samples (for a total of 64 Kbps data rate for each channel) can be generated for each channel, as described below in more detail.
The details of the D4 TDM communications system will now be described. For time division multiplexing in a D4 system, each of the twenty-four analog voice signals are low pass filtered and sampled at a rate of 8000 time per second by a voice card. Each of these analog samples are digitized to form 8-bit digital samples by a well-known analog-to-digital converter, and then these twenty-four 8-bit digital samples are concatenated together to form a 192-bit signal as shown in FIG.
2
. These voice cards also communicate signaling information, such as ringing indication, idle indication or busy indication, required by the voice signals using two signaling bits known as A and B.
Returning to
FIG. 1
, the TDM D4 system can also send digital data using a data card to replace one or more of the voice cards. For digital data, there is no need to sample or digitize the digital data, and there are not any signaling information. Therefore, the D4 system has a TNEN bus for indicating to the transmit unit and the receive unit whether analog voice signals or digital data is being communicated. As described above, the common equipment acts as an interface between the transmit and receive unit and the T1 link.
During the transmission of data by a channel unit, the channel unit transmits the analog voice or digital data to a backplane bus
30
, which in turn sends the data from all of the channel units to a transmit unit
32
. The transmit unit converts the analog voice signals to digital signals, and then sends the digital signals (voice and data) to a common equipment
34
. The common equipment transmits the digital data over a T1 link
36
. As is well known, the T1 link can have a data transfer rate of 1.544 million bits per second (Mbps). In addition, the common equipment can control the channel units in order to fixedly allocate a data rate to each channel unit using a control bus.
In more detail, during transmission, the transmit unit gives each channel unit some addressing signals, TSP and TSQ that provide a unique address for each channel unit and indicates to each channel unit where in the T1 frame the timeslot for that channel unit is located. The transmit unit also gives each channel unit that communicates digital data a clock signal, TDCLK, and a serial data bus, TDATA. Each data channel unit transmits digital data over the TDATA bus only during its timeslot. The voice cards, also known as voice channel units, do not use the TDATA bus.
For the transmission of analog voice signals, a slightly different system is used, because, at the time that the D4 system was designed, analog to digital (A/D) and D/A converters were too expensive. A single high speed A/D converter was built into the transmit unit and a D/A converter into the receive unit to handle the conversion of analog voice signals. Therefore, there is a bus, called TPAM, between the voice channel units and the transmit unit that carries analog signals. Thus, during its assigned timeslot, a voice channel unit is enabled by a TWD signal to place an analog voltage onto the TPAM bus. The signaling information, as described above, for the voice signals are sent to the transmit unit over a TA and TB bus. The digital data channel units do not use the TPAM, TA or TB buses.
For receiving voice and digital data signals, the receive unit provides addressing leads, RSP and RSQ, to the channel units that provide a unique receive address to each channel unit, so that each channel unit can identify its timeslot of the T1 link. Each channel unit also receives a clock signal, RCLK. The digital channel units also receive the received digital data on a RNPCM bus, where the channel unit can latch onto the appropriate 8 bits of digital data during its timeslot. For analog signals, the signals are converted back into analog signals by the D/A converter in the receive unit, and then placed on an RPAM bus. Then a RWD signal from the receive unit indicates to each channel unit when to store the analog voltage on the RPAM bus. The signaling information is placed on a RSAB bus. To more fully understand the TDM system, the format of the TDM signal will be briefly described.
FIG. 2
is a schematic of a format of the signals generated by the channel bank shown in
FIG. 1. A
TDM signal
50
can be 193 bits long, derived from an 8-bit sample
52
for each of the twenty-four channel units and a framing bit
54
. Each of the channels can be sampled eight thousand (8000) times per second, so that the total data rate for each channel is sixty-four thousand bits per second (64 Kbps), and the total data rate of all of the data and the framing bit is e
Cisco Technology Inc.
Duong Duc
Marger Johnson & McCollom PC
Nguyen Chau
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