Telephonic communications – Diagnostic testing – malfunction indication – or electrical... – Of data transmission
Reexamination Certificate
1999-11-17
2002-10-15
Tieu, Binh (Department: 2643)
Telephonic communications
Diagnostic testing, malfunction indication, or electrical...
Of data transmission
C379S021000, C379S027010, C379S029010, C379S030000, C370S248000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06466647
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of data communications. More specifically, the present invention relates to estimating transmission channel data carrying capacity.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional telephone system is described with respect to
FIG. 1. A
central office switch
102
is connected to subscribers
104
a
-
104
e
via cable pairs
106
a
-
106
e
respectively. Generally, cable pairs
106
a
—
106
e
are part of a larger cable that contains many cable pairs, for example, having 300, 600, 1200 or 2400 cable pairs. Cable pairs
106
a
-
106
e
are also called local loops as they make a loop from the central office to the subscriber and back to the central office.
Conventional local loops are designed to carry telephone traffic in the plain old telephone system (POTS). Consequently, the loops were designed for traffic having frequencies up to approximately 4 KHz. More recent data transmission schemes carry data having significantly higher frequencies. For example, communicating using asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) requires data rates ranging from 25 KHz to 1.1 MHz. As described below, some, but not all, loops in the existing infrastructure can be used to transmit these higher rate data streams.
An additional limitation to the data carrying capacity of some cable pairs is the presence of load coils. Load coils, such as load coils
108
a
-
108
c
, are inductors spliced into a cable pair along its length to mitigate the effects of cable length on data transmission. Load coils are present only on longer cable pairs. Where load coils are present, however, they limit the pass band of the cable to which they are attached. This is shown in FIG.
2
.
FIG. 2
illustrates a transfer function (curve
202
) representative of a cable having no added load coils. As can be seen, the gradual roll off of the transfer function indicates that higher frequencies are passed by the cable, including frequencies required for higher data rate transmission schemes, including, for example, ADSL.
This gradual rolloff is in sharp contrast to a cable to which load coils have been added, as illustrated by the exemplary transfer function (curve
204
) of a cable to which load coils have been added. It can be seen that the transfer function has a sharp cutoff at approximately 3.3 KHz. Consequently, cable pairs having load coils spliced in them cannot be used to carry higher data rate transmissions such as ADSL. Because not all local loops can be used for ADSL, or other high data rate transmission services, when a customer requests ADSL service, the service provider must determine whether the existing lines to the customer can support the relatively high bandwidth requirements of ADSL.
The problem of determining the sufficiency of a local loop's bandwidth, and particularly, whether the local loop has load coils spliced into it, is significant in the industry. Originally, paper records tracked which local loops had load coils. However, today these records are often incomplete, lost or unreliable or otherwise not easily accessible. Thus, they tend to be of little use in responding to a customer's request for high data rate services. Consequently, service technicians must often go to a subscriber's home to test a cable pair to determine if the cable pair can support high data rate services. Sending service technicians to subscriber sites is costly, inconvenient and time consuming.
Conventionally, the presence of load coils is detected by hooking up a test set across the tip and ring of the cable pair to detect the presence of load coils. This test is illustrated in
FIGS. 3A
to
3
C.
FIG. 3A
shows a non-loaded cable pair. A non-loaded cable pair
302
can be characterized as a series of capacitances
302
a
,
302
b
and
302
c
in parallel as shown in FIG.
3
A. The capacitance shown in
FIG. 3A
is that capacitance between the conductors, which is carefully controlled in the manufacturing process to be within certain limits. The length and gauge of the a particular cable segment gives rise to the capacitance. Curve
320
in
FIG. 3C
illustrates graphically a representative dependency of the impedance on frequency for cable pair
302
. From the Figure, it can be seen that the dependency has a form characteristic of a capacitor. This is because as the frequency increases, the impedance decreases and asymptotically approaches the characteristic impedance of the cable. In the present example, the characteristic impedance is 100 ohms, shown by line
321
.
A loaded pair, on the other hand, includes inductors
304
a
and
304
b
(load coils) in series as shown in
FIG. 3B
, in addition to capacitances
302
a
,
302
b
and
302
c.
Curve
322
in
FIG. 3C
illustrates graphically a representative dependency of impedance on frequency for a local loop with a single load coil. There is a peak
324
in curve
322
. Peak
324
is present due to a tuned circuit that arises from the inductor-capacitor combinations, e.g., inductor
304
a
and capacitor
302
b
. The frequency at which the apex of the peak occurs is called the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency is the frequency at which the circuit is said to be “tuned.” Thus, the presence of load coils can be determined by detecting the presence of a tuned circuit in the cable pair.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a system and method for estimating the transmission capability of a local loop. The transmission capability is determined by examining a characteristic of the local loop. In the preferred embodiment, the measured characteristic is applied to a table stored in computer memory. Each entry in the table contains a value of the characteristic and a value that relates the measured characteristic to the data carrying capacity of the local loop.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, this characteristic is the input impedance of the local loop. In this preferred embodiment, the input impedance, Z
in
, of the cable pair making up the local loop is measured. From this measurement, RE{tan h
−1
(1/Z
in
)} is calculated. The resulting value is applied to a table stored in computer memory that contains predetermined values of RE{tan h
−1
(1/Z
in
)} and the downstream data rate corresponding to those values to obtain an estimate of the data carrying capacity of the local loop being tested. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the DC resistance of the local loop is measured and used as the characteristic.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the downstream data rate values that are stored in the table are determined using a cable emulator. In an alternative embodiment, the data rate is calculated based on predetermined cable parameters used to make the cable pair model. In either case, input impedances are calculated at multiple frequencies in the voice band (0 KHz-4 KHz). From the results, a frequency is selected at which to calculate RE{tan h
−1
(1/Z
in
)} for each cable emulated to create the table data. Preferably, the frequency chosen is such that the RE{tan h
−1
(1/Z
in
)} at that frequency has a substantially linear relationship with the corresponding calculated or measured downstream data rate for the cable.
Thus, one object of the present invention is to facilitate the determination of local loop data carrying capacity of the local loop.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using a characteristic of the local loop.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using input impedance.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using DC resistance.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity of the local loop remotely, that is, without having to dispatch a service persons to a subscriber's premises.
Another object of the present invention is to determine the presence of load
BellSouth Intellectual Property Corporation
Shaw Pittman LLP
Tieu Binh
LandOfFree
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