Electrical computers and digital processing systems: multicomput – Computer-to-computer session/connection establishing
Reexamination Certificate
1998-09-15
2003-02-11
Maung, Zarni (Department: 2152)
Electrical computers and digital processing systems: multicomput
Computer-to-computer session/connection establishing
C709S228000, C709S205000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06519642
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to information systems, and in particular to a system and methods that enable the coordination of activity among distributed information systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
The recent change in the structure of business organizations, from the independent monolithic entity to multiple interdependent businesses, mirrors a similar evolution in computer systems from the single mainframe to distributed networks of personal computers and workstations. Since computer networks are extremely efficient in communicating information and performing activities between distributed sites, modem networks should be the obvious beneficiaries of this revolution in technology. For example, such routine activities as ordering and confirming purchases could be performed automatically between existing systems by a shared computer network. Numerous shortcomings in the state of the art, however, prevent full exploitation of conventional network technology for inter-enterprise purposes.
The most pressing problems presented by the use of shared networks between business partners are (1) the heterogeneity of the partner computer systems, (2) the heterogeneity of the data used by the partner systems, (3) communication security and reliability between systems, and (4) the legal, organizational and cultural boundaries among partners.
With respect to system heterogeneity, organizations often use combinations of operating systems, middleware systems, and software applications that are incompatible with one another. Widespread middleware deployment is now underway, but interoperation among the leading camps has yet to be fully defined. Especially problematic are differences at the application level, which are fundamental and will continue to challenge implementers for some time.
With respect to the second problem, data heterogeneity, different applications and users of those applications often represent information in different ways or use different kinds of information to accomplish the same task. These gaps can be particularly significant when the applications and their users are distributed among different enterprises. Bridging the associated syntactic and semantic gaps in information can require a mixture of transformation capabilities as well as neutral objects.
With respect to the third problem, communication security and reliability, any interaction among the systems of a business network requires the presence of reliable and secure communication pathways between the participants. The concern for security is especially prominent when the Internet is used as a link in the communication pathway, since this medium is susceptible to eavesdropping and other forms of security attacks.
With respect to the fourth problem, any attempt to automate business processes between multiple partners must overcome the numerous non-technical barriers associated with management of a project distributed among multiple organizations. These challenges include mismatches between project priority and resource allocation, language barriers, time zone differences and both corporate and governmental regulations. These challenges limit the levels of coordination that are achievable. Any technical solution, therefore, must focus on minimizing the scope and complexity of the mutual commitments required to implement the solution.
Currently, there are at least five known methods for extending interdependent processes beyond one computer system to other systems connected by conventional computer networking resources. The first is the manual approach in which users of multiple computer systems communicate information between one another via telephone, fax, or other media. The communicated information is then entered by hand into the respective computer systems. The manual approach may be used to bridge gaps in automation, but is obviously limited in its ability to tightly couple processes among partners in both reliable and efficient manner.
The second approach, which arose in the era of home-grown mainframe applications, is known as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). EDI is a broadly defined term, but most often refers to a particular set of standards, technologies (Value-Added Networks, Direct Dial-ups, mapping software), and practices used for electronic data exchange among companies. In EDI, a collection of business information (e.g., a purchase order) may be exported from one application system, mapped into a neutral format, transmitted to a partner via a VAN (Value-Added Network), mapped by the partner into a format suitable for its application, and imported into the partner application. Alternatively, direct dialing may be substituted for the VAN. EDI, however, is generally batch oriented, requires extensive format customization and does not support processes.
The third approach, used when business requirements do not fit the EDI model, is to use a custom system designed and implemented to the users' specifications. This approach is costly, requires a mixture of network programming and system integration tasks, and serves a specific purpose for specific users only. Furthermore, it is inflexible and difficult to modify.
Recently, two trends in technology have radically changed the ways in which application systems may be intertwined. As a result, a fourth and fifth approach, as well as an adaptation of EDI, must be added to the three discussed above. The first trend is the rapid expansion of network infrastructure. The most visible component of this infrastructure is the ubiquitous connectivity provided by the Internet. Nearly all organizations are, or soon will be, connected to the Internet. Coupled with this connectivity is an expanding set of middleware technologies and services such as distributed object frameworks and message oriented middleware that facilitate more tractable distributed applications and promise far greater interoperability of software components.
The second trend involves advances in the enterprise application systems that are used by companies. Key advances in these systems include development of object interfaces and the development of workflow/process modeling capabilities. Object interfaces provide a more flexible and less taxing method of moving information to and from applications than prior methods such as SQL (Structured Query Language) or file-based interfaces. Several application vendors now provide the ability to design and implement workflow among different application modules. This capability allows companies to more easily focus on their business processes and makes more obvious the need to connect the processes of business partners.
The most visible impact of these trends, and the fourth approach to extending business interdependency, is the use of the World Wide Web for business-to-business interactions. In this model, an employee in one business accesses information, such as catalog or shipping information, pertaining to the business applications of another company by using a standard Web browser. This approach, however, is ill-suited to many extended enterprise processes that require dependent interactions among the application systems of different organizations.
The fifth approach exploits recent middleware technology which makes possible the creation of high-performance distributed applications that are logically integrated. Though the same technology may be used to provide interoperation among application suites from different vendors and among systems at different businesses, significant challenges limit feasibility. Foremost, employing middleware technology is a programming task that requires significant programming skill and special understanding of security, synchronization, and other network issues. The cost of such an endeavor may be justified for the vendor of a distributed application, but companies wishing to engage in a specific extended enterprise process are unlikely to devote the capital required to build distributed systems from the ground up.
Finally, the adaptation of
Frost Hildreth R.
Nibbelink Mitchell W.
Olsen Gregory R.
Thirunavukkarasu Chelliah
Cardone Jason D.
Fenwick & West LLP
Maung Zarni
Peregrine Force, Inc.
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