Fuel and related compositions – Liquid fuels – Heterocyclic carbon compound containing a hetero ring having...
Patent
1998-02-02
1999-06-15
Howard, Jacqueline V.
Fuel and related compositions
Liquid fuels
Heterocyclic carbon compound containing a hetero ring having...
44331, 44385, 44386, C10L 130, C10L 118
Patent
active
059121904
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a process for improving the combustion of fuel and/or improving the oxidation of carbonaceous products derived from the combustion or pyrolysis of fuel.
In particular, the present invention relates to as process for improving the combustion of fuel and/or improving the oxidation of carbonaceous products derived from the combustion or pyrolysis of fuel by use of the combination of at least one alkaline metal complex and at least one alkaline earth metal complex.
Products from the combustion or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon fuels include carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides (NO.sub.x) unburnt hydrocarbons and particulates. These particulates include not only those particulates which are visible as smoke emission, but also unburned and partially oxidised hydrocarbons from fuel and the lubricants used in engines. The particulate and soot emission are known to be harmful and themselves contain harmful pollutants. In this regard, there is a growing recognition of the health risks associated with particulates emissions. In particular, unburned or partially oxidised hydrocarbons emitted to the atmosphere are irritant astringent materials. Further, in a problem recently highlighted for diesel fuel, emissions of particulate matter of less than 10 micrometers of principle dimension ("PM10 matter") is claimed to cause 10,000 deaths in England and Wales and 60,000 deaths in the USA annually, as published in the New Scientist, March 1994, p12. It is suspected that these smaller particles penetrate deeper into the lung and adhere.
Diesel fuels and diesel engines, and fuel combustors for heating units, are particularly prone to the emission of small size soot particulate material in the exhaust gas. Diesel engines especially are prone to emission of high levels of particulate matter when the engine is overloaded, worn or badly maintained. Particulate matter is also emitted from diesel engines exhausts when engines are operated at partial load and these emissions are normally invisible to the naked eye.
Combustors fuelled by liquid hydrocarbon fuels are also prone to emission of unburned and partially burned substances especially when operated on a frequent start-stop programme or when the burner parts are inadequately maintained. As energy regulations become more stringent the control and stop start operation of combustors must be improved.
Legislation now exists in many countries of the world that is designed to control pollution from diesel engines. More demanding legislation is planned. A number of ways are being examined to enable diesel engines to run and comply with the developing legislation. Engine designs to give effective combustion within the cylinder are being developed. The engine designs developed to achieve low levels of emission are well known to those familiar with the art and examples of such designs are given in S.A.E. International Congress (February 1995) S.A.E. Special Publication SP-1092. The drawbacks to the various engine management solutions include cost, complexity and the poor capability for retrofitting.
Many modern engine designs use a technology known as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (E.G.R.). In this regard, exhaust gas recycled in a controlled way to the intake of a diesel exhaust can contribute to the reduction of certain emissions species, mainly oxides of nitrogen. However, there is a drawback in using E.G.R. in that soot particles in the exhaust gas also become recirculated within the engine. Thus, engines running with E.G.R. for prolonged periods of time can become choked with carbon particulate in areas such as the exhaust gas recycle lines and control valves, inlet ports and valves, and the piston top ring glands. Even the piston rings themselves can become choked in the ring grooves. Also, the carbon and other particles become deposited in the engine lubricant so causing premature deterioration of the lubricant.
Particulate traps having the capability to oxidise collected material are also proposed in the light of forthcoming legislation. Such devices are well kn
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Barr Donald
Cook Stephen L.
Richards Paul J.
Rush Maurice W.
Howard Jacqueline V.
The Associated Octel Company Limited
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