Optical: systems and elements – Lens – Diffusing
Reexamination Certificate
2002-03-11
2004-11-02
Sugarman, Scott J. (Department: 2873)
Optical: systems and elements
Lens
Diffusing
C359S727000, C359S731000, C349S112000, C349S113000, C428S001100
Reexamination Certificate
active
06813094
ABSTRACT:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is one of a group of seven applications co-filed under Ser. Nos. 10/095,204, 10/095,601, 10/095,145, 10/095,172, 10/095,319, 10/094,977and 10/094,979.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a diffuse reflector for specular light. In a preferred form, the invention relates to a back reflector for transmission, transflection, and reflection type rear projection liquid crystal display devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Reflectors are often used in optical displays, such as liquid crystal displays, to even out illumination across the display and to diffusely reflect the light from the backlight or light coming in the display from the environment. Prior art reflectors include planar specular reflectors and planar diffusive reflectors. Specular reflectors include a substantially planar surface that is covered with a reflective metallic coating. Specular reflectors are characterized by an angle of incidence being substantially equal to an angle of reflection. Diffusive reflectors typically have a roughened surface which is predominately coated with a metallic reflective coating. Diffusive reflectors are characterized by reflecting and scattering incident light.
The transmission-type LCD includes a backlight, typically one to two cold fluorescent bulbs at the back surface of the liquid-crystal panel. The backlight consumes a relatively large amount of power. The diffuse reflector evens out the illumination of the back light across the entire display to eliminate any hot (brighter) spots. The more efficient a reflector is at diffusing, the more even the light will be across the display. The more efficient the reflector is, minimizing the amount of light lost to transmission and absorption, the more light passes through the liquid crystal and is realized as a brighter screen. This more efficient diffuse reflector can be used for a brighter display or for less power use that extends battery life
Reflection-type LCDs include a reflector for reflecting light at a back surface of the LCD, in which ambient light is reflected on the reflector to display images. The diffuse reflector reflects and diffuses the ambient light to mask any hot spots due to differences in ambient lighting across the display. The more efficient the reflection and diffusion of the reflector is, the brighter the display can be. This display does not use a backlight reducing the amount of required power but the ambient light reflection cannot produce satisfactory brightness for vivid color images and is used on calculator and other text displays.
A transflection display is a combination of a transmission display and a reflection display. A cell phone and PDA are examples of this type of device. They work in both reflection and transmission mode using ambient light and a backlight alternatively. The diffuse reflector in this application reflects and diffuses the backlight and the ambient light to give a bright, even display in both modes. A transflector increases efficiency and brightness under both ambient and supplemental lighting conditions in visual display applications. In an attempt to overcome the above described drawbacks of reflective and transmissive displays, some electronic displays have been designed to use ambient light when available and backlighting only when necessary. This dual function of reflection and transmission leads to the designation, “transflective”. One problem with currently available transflective displays is that they have good performance in either reflective or transmissive mode, but not both. This stems from the fact that the backlight assembly is not as efficient a reflector as the back reflector traditionally used in a purely reflective display, and the display thus appears less bright when viewed under ambient light. In addition, many devices with small display screens, such as pagers, use reflective LCDs with a supplemental electroluminescent backlight for low ambient light conditions. The LCD is backed with a plastic film that is partially reflective and partially transmitting. A transflective display can be made by placing a transflective film between the rear polarizer and the backlight. The transflective film provides a specified trade-off between reflectivity for ambient lighting and transmission for backlit operation. Diffuse reflectors for light have been manufactured in a number of ways. Generally, diffuse reflectors are made by taking a reflective surface and roughening one of its faces. One method of manufacture involves sprinkling powders on a flat surface and gluing the powders to the surface. A second method involves grinding or blasting a metal or glass surface to achieve the necessary roughness for diffusely reflecting infrared wavelengths. A third method is to dimple an aluminum surface with a regular hexagonal array of approximately {fraction (1/64)}-inch diameter holes.
The primary disadvantages of the above methods of roughening a reflective surface is that they either do not make the surface rough enough or they do not make the roughness random enough to enable the surface to function as an isotropic diffuse reflector. If the surface is not rough enough the reflectance will not be perfectly diffuse and it will have an enhancement or peak in the specular direction that gets longer at longer wavelengths. If the roughness is non-random, the non-randomness will create diffraction effects that favor particular off-specular directions of reflection, thus making the diffuse reflectance non-isotropic. Other general methods for roughening a surface include electric discharge machining (EDM). U.S. Pat. No. 3,754,873 (Bills et al.) discloses a cold rolled sheet having a roughened surface formed by projections of such shape and arrangement that the visual appearance of the surface of the sheet is relatively constant. EDM is cost and time prohibitive to make diffuse reflectors on a large scale.
Other diffuse reflectors used as reflectors in displays use a voided polymer structure with titanium dioxide. This provides for a high amount of diffusion, but does not have the high amount of reflectivity leading to a darker display.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,686 (Kaytor et al.) relates to a diffuse reflector made of porous polymeric sheets using thermally induced phase sepreatoin technology (TIPS). The TIPS diffuse reflector can not deliver as high a reflectivity as a metallized surface. To achieve the same brightness of a backlit display with a metallized surface, a display with a TIPS diffuse reflector would have to increase the brightness of the backlight, reducing the lifetime of the battery. The light scattering regions of the TIPS diffuse reflector are on the order of the wavelength of light and could add color to the light diffused thus imparting a non-desirable coloration to the display.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,567 (Oh at al.) relates to a reflector having diffusion characteristics in which the surface of the reflector is formed with a plurality of convex portions by uniformly depositing fine spacers. The reflector is manufactured by providing a substrate, forming a thin layer of a solution of beads and polymer on the substrate, and forming a reflective layer on the thin layer. The beads form simple reflective lenses as compared to the complex lenses used in this invention. Complex lenses provide more efficient diffusion because of the multitude of lens surfaces and thus provide more efficient diffusion than can be obtained with a simple lens diffuse reflector.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,994 (Bourdelais et al.) describes a reflective photographic base materials made up of layers of biaxially oriented polyolefin sheet with voiding, TiO
2
and colorants adjusted to provide optimum reflection properties. Voided films with TiO
2
typically have diffuse reflectances of 85-90% at 500 nm making them inferior to the complex lenses diffuse reflectors that have more efficient diffuse reflectances. Also, voided films tend to be thicker and therefore add weight to the display device.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,379 (Mizobata) describes a convent
Bourdelais Robert P.
Kaminsky Cheryl J.
Collins Darryl J.
Eastman Kodak Company
Kluegel Arthur E.
Sugarman Scott J.
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